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Bio Honors Exam
term 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Explain why chemical reactions release or absorb energy | Energy is released in an exothermic reaction, it releases more energy then absorbed.Endothermic is when more energy is absorbed than released. |
| Name the 8 characteristics of life and apply them to concepts | ALL LIVING THINGS...have DNA, Grow and Develop, Are made up of cells, Reproduce, Maintain Homeostasis, Use energy and materials, Respond to Environment,and Evolve and change |
| I can recognize the four main macromolecules and their structures and related functions | Carbohydrates Ring and source of energy and structual support. Nucleic Acid strand shape and Store and transmits genetic info. Proteins Folded shape and control reactions. Lipids Hydrophilic tail& Hydrophobic head store energy |
| Explain the structure and Function of Water | High Specific Heat, Cohesion, Capillary action, and Adhesion. |
| Differentiate between biotic and abiotic factors | Biotic factors are all living parts of an envirnoment ex. Animals. Abiotic factors are physical components of an exosystem like sunlight |
| describe how one change in and ecosystem can affect others | keystone species has a large effect on our ecosystem. Has a ripple effect across ecosystem example and plant that many animlas rely on for a resource |
| Describe the roles of producers and consumers in and ecosystem | Carnivores kill and eat other animals, Herbivores obtain energy from eating plants, Omnivores eat plants and animlas, Scavangers eat animals that have already been killed, Decomposers chemically break down organic matter, Detritivores-decaying particles |
| Compare Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis | Chemosynthesis get energy from other sources: Photosythesis obtain energy from sun:6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| explain different types of interactions in an ecosystem | Competition- organisms compete because of limited resources, Symbiosis- two organisms living in close proximity types: Mutualism both benefit, Commensalism one benefit one not affected, Parasitism one benefits other harms |
| Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes | prokaryotes lack a nucleus Eukaryotes have nucleus and are more complex |
| Explain structures and functions of cell organelles | Nuclues: stores genetic information, control center Ribosomes: link amino acids together to form proteins are located on the ER are studded Mitochondria: supply energy to the cell bean shaped Chloroplast:carry out photosynthesis. |
| Differentiate between hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic. | isotonic has some concentration of dissolved particles as the cell. Hypertonic has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than the cell more water enters the cell and it expands. Hypotonic has a lower concentration of particles than cells |
| Describe the stages in mitosis (got cut off see notes) | Prophase- DNA condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form. Metaphase- Chromosomes align in the center of the cell. Anaphase- chromatids separate to opposite sides of cell. Telophase- two daughter cells form |
| Compare and Contrast haploid and diploid | Diploid- cell has two copies of each chromosomes one from mother and the other from father-somatic/body cells. Haploid- A cell has one copy of each chromosome-sex cells (egg or sperm have 22 autosome and 1 sex chromosome) |
| Chemical equation for photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Carbon dioxide and water goes into light and enzymes and makes a sugar and oxygen. |
| Chemical equation for cellular respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H20. A sugar and oxygen translated into carbon dioxide and water |
| Understand the process of Meiosis(Got cut off see notes) | Prophase I- membrane breaks down, homologous chromosomes pair up. Metaphase I- Chromosomes align in center. Anaphase I- paired chromosomes separate on opposite side of cell. Telophase I- spindle fibers disassemble(cytokinesis 2 haploid cells)Prophase II- |
| Relate Meiosis and Mitosis | both form of cell division, carry genetic material, are inherited from genes, and begin after interphase. |
| Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous | Homozygous have identical alleles rr, RR. Heterozygous have one dominant and one recessive allele Rr |
| Explain sex linked traits and why the are more common in men. | Sex linked are genes carried on the X chromosome. Men are more likely to have the diseases because they only have one X chromosome so they cannot cancel the disease out like females who have two X chromosomes and can use one to cancel out the disease. |
| Explain the idea of a carrier for a gene | Women are carriers for diseases on X chromosome however they do no have the disease because it is canceled out with one of their two X chromosomes. They still pass on disease or carrier. |
| Describe a nucleotide and the FOUR DNA bases | Nucleotide have 4 nitrogenous bases- Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. G and A are double rings. T and C are single rings. A&T match up, G&C match up. |
| Purpose/Process of Replication | purpose is to make more DNA. Process- DNA unwinds and forms a replication fork( to add new bases and a second strand of DNA) DNA polymerase then checks over for mistakes. |
| Differences between RNA and DNA | DNA- genetic material, double strand, and is made of deoxyribose and five carbon sugar. RNA- temporary strand of DNA that will later be destroyed, single strand, made of Ribose and five carbon sugar. |
| Function of RNA | To make a temporary stand of DNA that gets destroyed has a single strand and is made of ribose!! |
| Explain functions of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. | mRNA- carries instruction and are later translated. rRNA- help build proteins in ribosomes. tRNA- transfers amino acids, attaches to start codon to make protiens |
| Process of Transcription | Copy's nucleotide sequence of DNA to make a complementary RNA. RNA polymerase does everything- attaches gene, unzips and adds and links base pairs to make RNA |
| Process of Translation | Translates mRNA into protiens or a polypeptide chain. In cytoplasm, the mRNA leaves nucleus and mRNA ribosomes and bind to tRNA(start codon), the A site receives anticodons from tRNA, start to make the polypeptide bonds, ribosomes translate-stop codon |
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