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Bug-a-day
FINAL
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Clostridium | G+ bacilli forms endospores obligate anaerobes (smell terrible) produces LOTS of toxins |
| Neurotoxins Enterotoxins Cytotoxins | brain and nerves, gastrointestinal problems, kills other cells |
| C. botulinum (Clostridium) | Disease: BOTULISM produces most potent neurotoxin=Botulism toxin found in improperly canned foods disease naturally lives in cow intestines prevents MOTOR NERVE signaling-->can't react *rapid onset; 50% mortality without supportive care |
| C. tetani-"Lockjaw" (Clostridium) | Disease: TETANUS found in cow intestines, soil, rusty metals produces second most potent neurotoxin=Tetanospasmin causes uncontrolled CONTINUOUS MOTOR signaling-->constant contractions Prevention: vaccine Cure: muscle relaxants, vaccine |
| C. difficile (Clostridium) | causes infectious diarrhea-smells terrible cyto/enterotoxins kill tissues in intestines *competitive exclusion Medical assis: Vancomycin (antibiotics) |
| C. perfringens-"Gas Gangrene" (Clostridium) | kills necrotic tissues at site of infection once infected, must amputate entire bone at nearest joint *more likely to catch with lack of blood oxygen |
| Rhinovirus-"Common Cold" | over 60 different kinds RNA virus-->RNA and capsid; no spikes or envelope virus grows in nose=coldest part of resp.system (likes 33 degree C temp) spontaneous recovery in 7-10 days |
| Salmonella | G- bacilli 99% motile=flagella easily contaminates foods over 1500 O-antigens-->hard for immune system to recognize transmission: fecal/oral route OR infected animal products (chicken eggs) |
| S. enterica-"Food Poisoning" (Salmonella) | Disease: Salmonellosis causes NVD; lasts 1-3 days grows at body temp Prevention: refrigerate food, wash well, cook thoroughly *remain contagious-shed bacteria in feces for 6 months after |
| S. typhi-"Typhoid Fever" (Salmonella) | passed through unclean food handling travels throughout body (liver, spleen, gallbladder) causes high fever and terrible headaches fatal in 20% untreated cases (1/5 people) 1-3% become carriers for life (in gallbladder) "Typhoid Mary" |
| Listeria monocytogenes | G+ mesophile; psychrotrophic tendencies Disease: Listeriosis grows in food *symptomless in healthy adults *dangerous for people with poor immune system (babies, elderly, chemo) bloodstream->blood brain barrier->CNS-->meningitis of brain covering |
| L. monocytogenes (PLACENTAL) | can cross placental barrier in pregnant women =spontaneous abortion or severe neurological damage *mother unaffected 60% mortality Cure: antibiotics (Penicillins, Aminoglycosides) *pregnant women should AVOID soft cheeses and deli meats |
| Influenza A | RNA virus-8 strands mix and match with other strains of influenza virus found in humans and animals (waterfowl, swine) Causes-Flu; no GI symptoms-grows in resp. system in humans Vaccine:yearly Anti-virals=Relenza&Tamiflu *some flu strains resistant |
| Exterior proteins(2) (Influenza A) | 1. Hemagglutinin(H)-16 kinds (H1,..H16) 2. Neuraminidase(N)-9 kinds (N1,...N9) |
| Antigenic Drift (Influenza A) | occurs every year continuous and slow,small changes H and N slightly change in replication -->immune system modifies itself to attack virus (new H and N) |
| Antigenic Shift (Influenza A) | occurs every 2-3 decades abrupt, drastic changes H and N completely replaced by genes from another strain of virus-->immune system does not recognize takes 2 weeks for body to adapt |
| Staphylococcus aureus-"MRSA" | G+ cocci produces LOTS of toxins: enterotoxins membrane-damaging toxins exfoliatin toxic shock syndrome toxin |
| "Scalded Skin Syndrome" (S. aureus) | connective tissue breaks down and skin peels off-->Impetigo (oozing/weeping sores on skin) very infectious common in kids causes pustules and abscesses; bacteremia |
| Toxic Shock Syndrome (S. aureus) | tampons left in body too long(>6hrs)-->bacteria starts growing in blood outside body or on mucus membranes shock=unsafe drop in blood pressure |
| MRSA and VRSA | MRSA: "Methicillin Resistant S. aureus" VRSA: "Vancomycin Resistant S. aureus"-->resistant to all known antibiotics transmission: direct/indirect |
| Hepatitis A (HAV) | long incubation=2-6wks transmission: fecal/oral causes: fever, headaches, jaundice 2 dose vaccine *normally does NOT cause liver cancers |
| Hepatitis B (HBV) | *MOST COMMON* transmission: needle sticks and blood products traditionally STD 3 dose vaccine |
| Hepatitis C (HCV) | *most DANGEROUS* transmission through parenteral route common in 50-55yr olds=contaminated blood products in the 1980's; IV drug users -->chronic liver failure; body can't cure itself -->need liver transplant (extends life, but does not cure) |
| Hepatitis D (HDV) and Hep E (HEV) | Hep D-linked with B Hep E-linked with A |
| Streptococcus | G+ cocci aerotolerant anaerobes Rebecca Lancefield: classified Alpha & Beta-hemolytic groups Beta-hemolytic: A-T (no I or J) groups Alpha-hemolytic: ungrouped |
| Streptococcus pyogenes ("Group A Strep") | causes: Strep throat Scarlett fever Rheumatic fever-immune system doesn't recognize heart valves->kills valves/settle in joints->nodules Flesh eating strep-gets in cut, spreads under skin (Nacrotizing facitis) Puerperal fever(Childbirth fever) |
| S. mutans (Streptococcus) | very few toxins produced *FERMENTS-sucrose-->fructose+glucose *FERMENTS-glucose->lactic acid fructose makes plaque->encloses bacteria =decalcifies teeth; causes cavities(dental caries) |
| Herpes Simplex Virus | HSV-1= cold sores HSV-2= genital herpes *both can infect genitals causes: burning, itching, painful, very infectious fluid-filled vesicles LATENT virus-no cure; infected for life Viral suppressants: low dose or used only during outbreaks |
| Neisseria | G- cocci; aerobes *Antigenic variation-capsule,pili,fimbrae |
| N. meningitides (Neisseria) | 6 different capsules affects meningitis of the brain *leading cause of bacterial meningitis in US |
| N. gonorrhoeae (Neisseria) | *Antigenic variation STD (Males)purulent discharge-very evident (Females)non-purulent discharge-often unnoticed vagina and fallopian tube colonized pelvic inflammatory disease opthalmia neonatorum=infects eyes of babies coming out of birth canal |
| N. gonorrhoeae (Neisseria)...continued | (males)20-30% infected on single exposure (females)60-90% infected on single exposure *can be carrier without knowing and pass on infection treatment: combination antibiotics-resistance common |
| Mycobacterium | Acid fast bacilli; aerobe *lipids in cell wall protect bacteria |
| M. tuberculosis (Mycobacterium) | transmission: airborne-aerosolized in lungs WBCs surround bacteria and form lesion LATENT TB:don't spread TB-protective cell wall=not infectious ACTIVE TB:lesion bursts->airways or bloodstream->causes infectious TB bloody sputum TB skin test to detect |
| M. leprae (Mycobacterium) | causes LEPROSY transmission: direct/indirect contact lives in peripheral nerves->nerve damage=loss of sensitivity nodules form all over body(hands, feet, nose) ->tissue necrosis->amputation due to loss of blood flow |
| M. leprae (Mycobacterium)...continued | ID50-very high=need large dose of bacteria for long time *can infect ARMADILLOS need large dose antibiotics to kill within 6 months |
| Borrelia burgdorfori ("Lyme Disease") | Gram + Spirochetes(use axial filaments, not flagella) Vector: biological=IXODES TICK-tiny, black passes bacteria into host after attachment for 24 hours->removal before then=safe Reservoirs: rodents and white tailed deer |
| Borrelia burgdorfori ("Lyme Disease")...continued | Stage 1: Bull's eye rash for 12-24 hrs and flu symptoms for 2-3 weeks Stage 2: Swelling around cranial nerves->pain irregular heartbeat arthritis* 1st discovered in Lyme, CT-12 boys camping and develop arthritis |
| Varicella-zoster Virus | enveloped, DNA virus *closely related to Herpes simplex virus 1&2 *Latent virus remains in dorsal root ganglions of spinal chord Causes: chicken pox (1st time) shingles (2nd time) Cures: vaccination or antivirals: Acyclovir |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | STD; common in US passed through intercourse Men: painful urination, watery discharge, testicular pain Women: often asymptomatic*->damage scarring of uterine tubes due to PID, blocks tubes and causes infertility Treatment: antibiotics |
| Bordetella pertussis | Gram - Bacilli; produces endotoxins *Pertussis toxin->cough *grows on cilia->cilia statis=stops cilia from moving |
| B. pertussis (Whooping cough) | "100 Day Cough" toxins stop mucus ciliary escalator in trachea=mucus clogged ->severe coughing-won't stop until cilia regrows can cause Anoxia=brain damage Prevention: vaccination or antibiotics-Erythromycin-prevents transmission but duration same |
Created by:
grabasca
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