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unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell | fundamental unit of life |
| Robert Hooke | monk; 1st discovered cells |
| light microscopes | 1st scopes created; visible light passed through specimen |
| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | thin sections; see ultrastructures |
| 3 parts of cell theory | 1- all living things made of cells 2- cells basic unit of structure and function in living things 3- all cells come from pre-existing cells |
| similarities prokaryote & eukaryote | 1- plasma membrane, 2- cytosol (cytoplasm), 3- chromosomes, 4- ribosomes |
| plasma membrane | 1- semi-premeable, 2- phospholipid bi-layer, 3- fluid mosaic model |
| cytosol | semifluid substance; cytoplasm |
| chromosomes | genes- usually DNA but could be RNA |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis |
| prokaryote/ eukaryote differences | Pro- contains plasmids, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles Euk- nucleus & no membrane bound organelles |
| prokaryote kingdoms | Bacteria & Archaea |
| eukaryote kingdoms | plant, animal, protist, fungi |
| 3 cell shapes | coccus bacillus spirillia **comes last in name |
| 3 cell arrangments | diplo strepto straphylo **comes first in name |
| nucleus components | nuclear membrane (envelope), chromosomes (DNA), nucleolus (RNA) |
| ribosomes | protein factory, attached to rough ER or cytoplasm (free floating), uses mRNA (messenger), uses tRNA (transfer) |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | rough & smooth, make about 50% cell contents, connected to nucleus membrane |
| smooth ER | no ribosomes, makes lipids (hormones), detoxify |
| rough ER | has ribosomes, glcoproteins |
| golgi apparatus (body) | "shipping center", manufactures, stores, sorts, and ships products of cells |
| lysosome | digestion/ recycling center, break apart compounds; low ph- acidic =denaturation |
| phagocytosis | food vacuole + lysosome = used to digest food |
| central vacuole | storage of sugars/ wastes; breakdown waste; increase in size makes plant bigger |
| peroxisome | single membrane; contains enzymes to break down 2H(subscript)2O(sub)2[hydrogen poroxyd] --> 2H(sub)2O + O(sub)2 [into water & oxygen] |
| 4 reasons difficult molecules go into cell | 1- size, 2- shape, 3- concentration, and 4- charge/ polarity |
| amphipathic | phospholipid bi-layer; (ie soup) |
| passive transport | diffusion & osmosis; no work needed |
| diffusion | high to low; EX gases & liquids |
| regular diffusion | oxygen, carbon dioxide, and urea; are wastes, therefore need to leave easily |
| diffusion with channel protein | water (aquaporin) |
| facilitated diffusion | glucose, amino acids; too big or charged to pass |
| osmosis | water high to low; no energy required |
| hypertonic solution | water flows out; plasmolysis- cell shrink |
| hypotonic solution | water in; increase turgor pressure; cell expands |
| isotonic | equilibrium, but doesnt stop moving |
| active transport | low to high; energy required; uses carrier proteins; uses ATP (energy source) |
| sodium potassium pump | creates voltage difference across membrane |
| endocytosis | into cell |
| exocytosis | out cell |
| enzymes | protein responsible for metabolism in body |
| substrate | enzyme acting on |
| products | molecule of enzyme facilitated reaction |
| how enzymes work | lock and key effect; puts pressure on bonds that could cause them to break (EX toothpick) |
| induced-fit model | enzyme changes to fit substrate |
| factors that affect enzyme activity | temperature, ph, salt concentration |
| inhibitor | binds to enzyme & decreases shape effectiveness |
| types of inhibitors | competitive & non-competitive |
| competitive inhibitor | makes enzyme; useless by binding in active site |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | bonds on enzyme & changes shape |
| allosteric site | where inhibitors will bind; used for noncompetitive inhibitors and activators |
| cofactors | increase function of enzyme; metal- stretch bonds to break more easily; |
| coenzyme | nonprotein organic molecules; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
| why do we not want enzymes always "on"? | disrupts homeostasis |
| coccus | round |
| bacillus | elongated, rod cells |
| spirillia | spiral shaped cells |
| diplo | paired |
| strepto | chained |
| straphylo | clustered |
Created by:
azutz
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