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Biology Ch. 10.4-13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| RNA- | natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis. |
| Transcription- | the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one stand of a DNA molecule as a template. |
| translation- | the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains. |
| protein synthesis- | he formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA. |
| ribose- | a five carbon sugar present in RNA |
| mRNA- | a single stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein |
| rRNA- | an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function. |
| tRNA- | a RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation |
| RNA polymerase- | an enzyme that starts the formation of RNA by using a strand of DNA molecule as a template |
| promoter- | a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds which initiates the transcription of a specific gene |
| termination signal- | a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene |
| genetic code- | the term for the rules that relate how a sequence of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides corresponds to a particular amino acid. |
| Codon | each three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start or stop signal. |
| Anticodon | three nucleotides on the RNA that are complementary to the sequences of a codon in mRNA. |
| Genome | the complete genetic content. |
| Sex chromosome | genes that determine the sex of an individual. |
| Autosome | Remaining chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual. |
| Sex linked trat | refers to a trait that is coded for by an allele on a sex chromosome |
| Linked gene | genes that tend to be inherited together |
| Chromosome map | a diagram that shows the linear order of genes on a chromosome. |
| Map unit | a crossing-over of 1 percent |
| germ cell mutation | occurs in an organism’s gametes |
| Somatic-cell mutation- | take place in an organism’s body cells and can therefore affect the organism |
| Lethal mutation | cause death often before birth. |
| Deletion | the loss of a piece of a chromosome due to breakage |
| Inversion | a chromosomal segment breaks off flips around backward and reattaches |
| Translocation | a piece of one chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome |
| Nondisjunction- | a chromosome fails to separate from its homologue during meiosis |
| Point mutation- | the substitution, addition, or removal of a single nucleotide. |
| Substitution- | one nucleotide replaces another |
| Frame shift mutation- | loss which can cause incorrect grouping of remaining codons. |
| Insertion Mutation - | one or more nucleotides are added to a gene, which can also result in a frameshift mutation |
| Pedigree- | a diagram that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations |
| Carrier | individuals such as the four people in the fifth generation. |
| Genetic disorder | diseases or disabling conditions that have a genetic basis |
| Polygenic | characteristics influenced by several genes |
| Complex character | characters that are influenced strongly both by the environment and by genes |
| Multiple allele | genes with three or more alleles. |
| Codominance- | both alleles are expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote. |
| Incomplete dominance- | A trait that is intermediate between the two parents. |
| Sex-influenced trait- | involved in other complex characters |
| Huntington’s disease- | an autosomal dominant condition characterized by forgetfulness and irritability. |
| Amniocentesis- | allows a physician to remove some amniotic fluid from the amnion between the 14th and 16th week of pregnancy |
| Chorionic villi sampling- | a physician takes samples of the chorionic villi between the 8th and 10th week. |
| Genetic counseling- | the process of informing a person or couple about their genetic makeup. |
| gene therapy | a technique that places a healthy copy of a gene into the cells of a person whose copy of the gene is defective. |
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makenzi_au
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