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Question | Answer |
---|---|
Sleep patterns of depressed patients | 1. Decreased slow-wave sleep 2. Decreased REM latency 3. Increased REM early in sleep cycle 4. Increased total REM sleep 5. Repeated nighttime awakenings 6. Early-morning awakening (important screening question) |
Circadian rhythm | suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus. |
Sleep terror disorder | non-REM sleep (no memory of arousal) |
Nightmares | REM sleep (memory of a scary dream). |
Excessive daytime sleepiness, nocturnal and narcoleptic sleep episodes, cataplexy, decreased orexin production in lateral hypothalamus | Narcolepsy |
HypnaGOgic hallucinations | GOing to sleep |
HypnoPOmpic hallucinations | POst-sleep |
Double-blinded | Neither patient nor doctor knows whether the patient is in the treatment or control group |
Case-control study | Observational and retrospective Odds ratio What happened? |
Cross-sectional study | Observational and prospective or retrospective Disease prevalence What is happening? |
retardation, self-mutilation, aggression, hyperuricemia, gout, choreoathetosis. | Lesch-Nyhan syndrome; Defective purine salvage due to absence of HGPRT, excess uric acid. X-linked recessive. |
One of the major causes of SCID. Autosomal recessive. | Adenosine deaminase deficiency |
Point mutations in DNA, severity of damage | silent<< missense< nonsense< frameshift. |
Alpha-amanitin (amatoxins) | inhibits RNA polymerase II (halting mRNA synthesis) |