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Chap 8-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An articulation where 2 or more bones meet regardless if there is movement possible can be classified structurally or functionally | joint |
| An immovable joint formed when the gap between 2 bones ossifies and becomes essentially a single bone | bony joint |
| Occurs when fibrous collagen fibers attaches adjacent bones together | fibrous joint |
| Joint that consists of cartilage connecting the bones | cartilaginous joint |
| Cartilage that covers the bones in a synovial joint | Hyaline (Articular) Cartilage |
| A joint cavity lined by synovial membrane which contains synovial fluid and a capsule enclosing the joint cavity | Synovial Joint |
| Ligaments around the synovial joint | Reinforcing |
| Synovial joint that provides the greatest range of motion but the most unstable | ball and socket |
| Ball and socket joint that has the greatest range of motion but is the most easily dislocated | shoulder |
| Another word for dislocated | subluxation |
| Joint that has a lesser range of motion than the shoulder joint but is harder to dislocate | hip |
| Fibrocartilage in the knee that extends inward from the left and right but do not but do not entirely cross the joint | meniscus |
| Attaches muscle to bone and most important structure in stabilizing a bone | tendon |
| Sacs between structures which reduce friction during movement | bursae |
| Consists of a fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and a thin film containing synovial fluid | bursa |
| Inflamed bursa | bursitis |
| Essentially an elongated bursa | tendon sheath |
| A movement in a synovial joint that decreases a joint angle | flexion |
| A movement in a synovial joint that increases a joint angle | extention |
| Extension of the foot | dorsiflexion |
| Flexion of the foot | plantar flexion |
| Joints going beyond the zero position | hyperextension |
| The movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the body | abduction |
| The movement of a body part in the frontal plane towards the body | adduction |
| When a bone spins on its longitudinal axis | rotation |
| A movement that turns the palms to face anteriorly | supination |
| A movement that turns the palms to face posteriorly | Pronation |
| Dislocation of a joint | luxation |
| Partial dislocation of a joint | subluxation |
| Dislocations that are returned to their proper position | reduction |
| Covers the entire muscle or portions of muscle | fascia |
| Deep to the fascia and invaginates to wrap many muscle fibers into structures called | fascicles |
| The connective tissue that wraps around the fascicles is called | perimysium |
| Perimysium invaginates further to form the ____________ which wraps individual cells | endomysium |
| Muscle that produces most of the force for a specific movement | Agonist |
| A muscle that assists the prime mover (agonist) | synergist |
| A muscle which holds a bone steady to prevent its movement which would otherwise affect attempted movements elsewhere | fixator |
| Muscle cells that are also called muscle fibers because they are so long | skeletal |
| Plasma membrane of muscle fibers | sarcolemma |
| Called the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers | cytoplasm |
| Each muscle fiber contains a large number of contractile elements called | myofibrils |
| Exists as Myosin | myofilament, actin, elastic filaments |
| Myofilaments help form the functional unit of muscle fibers called the | sarcomere |
| Sarcomere length shortens which causes entire muscle to | contract |
| Has striations within them that result froma repeating pattern of dark A and light I bands | sarcomeres |
| Striations in the muscle fibers are formed from the pattern of __________ and _________ | myosin, actin |
| The system that its general functions is to detect changes in the internal and external environments evaluate the information and initiate an appropriate response | nervous |
| Anatomically makes up the central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| Anatomically makes up the peripheral nervous system | cranial and spinal nerves |
| Neurons that bring impulses from the periphery to the CNS | sensory or afferent |
| Neurons that bring impulses from the CNS to the periphery | motor or efferent |
| Neurons that lie between sensory and motor neurons | Interneurons |
| The division that conveys impulses to the CNS | sensory or afferent |
| The division that conveys impulses from the CNS | motor or efferent |
| The efferent division that includes the somatic or voluntary system | efferent |
| Controls the skeletal muscles | somatic system |
| Controls the smooth and cardiac muscle and glands | autonomic system |
| Have a cell body and cytoplasmic processes that are called axons and dendrites | neurons |
| The biosynthetic and control center of the neuron | cell body |
| Receptive sites that conduct the incoming signals from other neurons toward the cell body | dendrites |
| Generate and conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body | axons |
| Collection of cell bodies in the CNS | nucleus |
| Collection of cell bodies in the PNS | ganglion |
| Supporting cells which assist neurons in various ways | neuroglia |
| Neuroglia that includes astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes | CNS |
| Neuroglia that includes schwann cells and satellite cells | PNS |
| Insulates and prevents "short-circuiting" formed in the PNS by Schwann cells and in the CNS by oligodendrocytes | Myelin sheath |
| In the PNS the gaps between the myelin sheath which allow faster impulse transmission | nodes of Ranvier |
| Fibers that course through supporting cells but their membranes are not wrapped | unmyelinated |
| Neurons generate 2 types signals which flow along their membrane | graded and action potentials |
| Potentials that are variable in intensity and decrease in strength with distance, they occur in dendrites and cell bodies | graded |
| Potentials that are not variable in intensity and do not decrease in strength with distance they occur in all or nothing manner, occur in axons and are the same regardless of the specific neuron or the nature of its initiating stimulus | action |
| The resting membrane potential of a neuron is | -70 mV |
| Most common neuron in the body | multipolar |
| The neuron that makes up the dorsal root ganglion | unipolar |
| Bundle of nerve fibers called a ________ in the CNS | tract |
| Bundle of nerve fibers called a ________ in the PNS | nerve |
| Parts of the axon that release the neurotransmitter to control the next neuron and are either stimulatory or inhibitory | terminal endings |
| Neurons which conduct impulses toward the synapse | presynaptic |
| Neurons which conduct impulses away from the synapse | postsynaptic |
| Time delay at the synapse due to its events and is the rate limiting step of impulse transmission | synaptic delay |
| Postsynaptic potential depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane to various degrees by allowing positive ions thus attempting to initiate an impulse in the postsynaptic neuron | excitatory |
| Postsynaptic potentials hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane to various degrees by allowing positive ions to leave or negative ions to enter thus attempting to inhibit an impulse from developing in the postsynaptic neuron | inhibitory |
| Will determine if the neuron will generate an impulse at the axon hillock by passing threshold | summation of the opposing 2 types |
| Effected by time or space time when there is a quick succession of impulses at one synapse delivering one type and space when there are more synapses delivering 1 type | summation |
| ___________ velocities vary among different neurons based on the diameter of the axon and its degree of mylenation | conduction |
| An action potential passes along a PNS myelinated axon only at _______________ | Nodes of Ranvier |
| Needs to experience voltage beyond threshold in order for their voltage gated channels to open and the impulse to self-propagate down the axon | axon hillock |
| A combination of the chemical gradient (diffusion) and the electrical gradient (polarity) | electrochemical gradient |
| The neuron signals are generated either by ____________ __________ channels or _________ ________ channels | chemically gated, voltage gated |
| Channels that open and close in response to contact by a chemical therefore they exist at the synapse | chemically gated |
| Channels that open and close in response to a change in its polar environment from the influx of Na+ and eflux K+ | voltage gated |
| Channels that exist at and beyond the axon hillock | voltage gated |
| The "on switch" which may generate an impulse emanating from that neuron | axon hillock |
| Occurs when muscle changes in length but not in tension | isotonic contraction |
| Occurs when the muscle changes in tension but not in length | isometric contraction |
| 1 of the main pathways of ATP synthesis which enables the cells to produce ATP in the absence of 02, produces lactic acid a major factor in muscle fatigue | anaerobic fermentation |
| 1 of the main pathways of ATP synthesis which requires a continual supply of 02, produces CO2 and H2O | aerobic respiration |
| Continues after exercise to replenish the used up oxygen reserves as well to contribute to other chemical rxns | heavy breathing |
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dnuculovic
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