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Ch 27 Study Guide ?s
Prof's study guides for Test 3: ch 27, 32, 33
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How are animals different from other major eukaryotic groups (plants & fungi) and from prokaryotes? How are they similar? | Different: Animals are motile, have gametic life cycle. Diploid as juveniles and adults. Animal cells lack cell wall but have an extracellular matrix of proteins & polysaccharides. Similar: multicellular (like plants & fungi), heterotrophic (like fungi). |
| Which group of eukaryotic unicellular/colonial organisms is sister to animals? Explain 3 lines of evidence. | Choanoflagellates: morphologically indistinguishabel from collar cells (choanocytes) of sponges; collar cells have been ID'ed in other animals but never in other major protist gps, plants, or fungi; DNA sequence data link choanoflagellates and animals. |
| According to your textbook, why are the sponges (porifera) considered basal animals? | Sponges lack body symmetry and true tissues derived from germ layers. Sponges have choanocytes (collar cells). |
| Put in chronological order from oldest to most recent: origin of mammals, Cambrian explosion, Edicaran fauna, extinction of large non-flying dinosaurs, rise of large mammals, vertebrate transition to land, diversification of flowering plants & insects. | 1 Edicaran fauna. 2 Cambrian explosion. 3 vertebrate transition to land. 4 origin of mammals. 5 diversification of flowering plants and insects. 6 extinction of large non-flying dinosaurs. 7 rise of large mammals. |
| How is cephalization an adaptive feature for bilaterally symmetric motile animals? | Cephalization: concentration of nervous tissue & sensory organs at anterior part of body. Brain integrates incoming sensory info--helpful to organisms w/ bilateral symmetry that meet environment w/ anterior end of body first, usu as they move through it. |
| How does radial symmetry of a jellyfish and a sea anemone fit their lifestyle? | Jellyfish float in their environment, which meets their bodies from all directions at the same time. (Also true of sessile sea anemones.) No advantage for these organisms to have a concentration of brain/sensory organs at one end of their bodies. |
| Name the derivative organ systems of each germ layer: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm. | Ectoderm: skin and nervous system. Mesoderm: skeletal & muscular systems, some glands of the digestive system. Endoderm: lining of the lumen of the digestive tract, liver, lungs. |
| What is the function of the body cavity or coelom? How is this different from the lumen of the digestive tract of a human? | Coelom is fluid-filled cavity that provides space for internal organs to grow & move independently of rest of the body. In humans: coelem is interior space btw body wall & outer wall of digestive tract; completely lined with tissues derived from mesoderm. |
| What is the difference between the metazoa and the eumetazoa? | Metazoa: animals that are multicellular eukarytes that do not have germ layers (like sponges). Eumetazoa: multicellular animals that have at least 2 germ layers, endoderm & ectoderm (like cnidaria & arthropoda). |
| What feature links the arthropoda and nematoda and places both phyla in the ecdysozoa? | Ecdysis (molting); molecular data. |
| Explain how sponges feed. | Sponges filter water thru pores in body wall toward central cavity; choanocyte flagella create currents directed into sponge & draw particles w/in collar; phagocytized & digested intracellularly or transferred to amoebocytes for delivery to other areas. |
| Describe 3 adaptations that have enabled insects to thrive on land. | Exoskeleton to minimize water loss, tracheae that permit gas exchange with minimal water loss, wings that provide many advantages without sacrificing a pair of legs. |
| Is the apparent radial symmetry of the echinodermata homologous or analogous to the radial symmetry of the cnidaria? | Analogous |
| When was the Cambrian explosion? State the current hypotheses put forward to explain this phenomenon. | 535-525 mya. 1--dramatic increase in atmospheric oxygen. 2--greater predator-prey interactions. 3--duplication and changes in the Hox genes (which control development in many organisms). |
| Identify four derived characters that all chordates have at some point during their life. | Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notocord, pharyngeal clefts/slits, post-anal tail. |
| Explain how humans can be chordates yet lack most of the main derived characters of chordates as adults. | Humans display these characteristics during their embryonic phase. |
| What characteristics do hagfishes have that lancelets and tunicates lack? | Hagfishes are craniates and have cartilaginous skull. Lancelets and tunicates are invertebrate chordates that do not have a skull. |
| Describe key adaptations of aquatic gnathostomes. | Have jaws for efficient capture and consumption of prey & a streamlined body plan for efficient swimming. Swim bladders that assist in the prevention of sinking are found in aquatic osteichthyans. |
| Describe the origin of tetrapods and identify some of their key derived traits. | Traits: 4 limbs with digits, a neck, a pelvic girdle fused to the spine, and a lack of gill slits. |
| Some amphibians never leave the water, whereas others an survive in relatively dry terrestrial environments. Contrast the adaptations that facilitate these two lifestyles. | Live in water: skin is thin and moist, serves as a respiratory organ. Away from water (like toads): thicker dry skin which allows them to remain away from water for extended periods of time. |
| Describe three key amniote adaptations for life on land. | Amniotic egg with associated membranes. Impermeable skin (with keratin-containing scales, feathers, hair, and associated lipids). Ribcage that expands and contracts for ventilation of the lungs. |
| Explain whether or not snakes are tetrapods. | According to text, snakes are considered tetrapods; have gradually lost their limbs (evolutionary reversal). |
| Explain why the reptiles would be a paraphyletic group if it did not include birds. | |
| State the derived characters of birds that are adaptive for flying. | Wings and feathers (made of keratin) for flying, honeycombed bone structure, no urinary bladder, single ovary. Also, are endothermic with a high metabolic rate. |
| State the derived characters of mammals. Contrast monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians in terms of how they bear young. | All: hair (keratin), mammary glands, jaw w/ teeth for various diets, fat layer under skin to conserve heat, endothermic. Monotremes: lay eggs. Marsupials: brief pregnancy, embryo crawls to pouch. Eutherians: extended pregnancy, extended juvenile period. |
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sparrowrenee
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