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Microbiology Exam 3
Tortora (Rollins-Smith Lectures 13-18 and puzzlers 7-9)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the symptoms of cholera? | vomiting, diarrhea, depletion of fluids and electrolytes |
| What bacteria causes cholera? | Vibrio cholerae |
| How is cholera spread? | through water and open sewers |
| How do we prevent cholera in large cities? | public water is treated to remove bacterial pathogens, feces is treated in sanitation facilities |
| What is the technical name for "Spelunker's Lung" or "caver's disease?" | Histoplasmosis |
| What fungus causes histoplasmosis? | Histoplasma capsulatum |
| How can you be exposed to histoplasma capsulatum? | bird and bat droppings carry this fungus? |
| Is histoplasmosis caused by a fungus, bacteria, or virus? What drugs can be used to treat it? | a fungus treated with Amphotericin B |
| Why are fungal infections more difficult to treat than bacterial infection? | Fungi are eukaryotes like humans so they have fewer differences and the drugs have fewer targets which will only harm the fungus |
| What are some symptoms of diptheria? | high fever, labored breathing, sore throat with dirty white patches in the back of throat |
| What pathogen causes diptheria? | Corynebacterium diptheriae |
| How can you treat diptheria? | diptheria antitoxin, DPT vaccine, antibiotics |
| Is diptheria a problem in the US today? | No because of the DPT vaccine |
| What is unique about the domain archaea? What is start signal for protein synthesis? What environment do they live in? | cell walls LACK peptidoglycan methionine Extreme environments |
| Why is it important to study archaea? | share some features with eukaryotic and bacterial cells (individually) |
| Where is it believed that archaea came from? | separated from primitive cells that led to bacteria eukaryotic cells, may provide clues to evolution of early cells |
| What is unique about archaea enzymes? | b/c livein extreme environments, enzymes function better at extremes than eukaryotic/bacterial enzymes |
| What does pra DNA polymerase stand for? Where does it come from? What temperature does it work best at? | polymerase chain reaction amplifying DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus furiosus works best at 100C |
| What are the 3 major groups of archaea? | Methanogens Extreme halophiles Hyperthermophiles |
| What are the Methanogens? What are they important for? What is an example? | major archaea group is strictly anaerobic degrade organic molecules to methane important for sewage treatment Methanobacterium |
| What are extreme halophiles? Where can they grow? What is an example? | major archaea group obligate aerobes grow in high salt (can grow in salt preserved foods) Halococcus and Halobacterium |
| What are hyperthermophiles? Where can they survive? What is a use? What is an example? | major archaea group enzymes function at high temp provide high temp tolerant DNA polymerase for PCR Pyrodictium Sulfolobus and Pyrococcus furiosus |
| HOw many species of bacteria are described? What percent is pathogenic to people? | 2600-5000 described, 10% pathogenic |
| What are proteobacteria? How are they related? HOw can you designate important classes? Are they gram? | largest taxonomic group of bacteria, related by rRNA comparisons designate by Greek letters (alpha, beta, gamma) GRAM - |
| What are Alphaproteobacteria? Gram? Pathogenic Examples? Helpful example? | Gram - grow in low nutrients agriculturally important for nitrogen fixation Rickettsias pathogenic example Azospirillum-fixes nitrogen from air for plant |
| What are Rickettsias? How transmitted? gram? shape? How does it enter host cell? | an alphaproteobacteria gram - rod/coccobacilli obligate intracellular parasites transmitted by insect bites host cell takes up bacteria by phagocytosis |
| What causes Epidemic typhus? How is it transmitted? | Rickettsia prowazekii transmitted by lice |
| What are characteristic symptoms of typhus? what does the bacteria infect? Mortality? Tretment? | high fever for several weeks, infects endothelial cells and causes local blockage and rupture of small vessels=rash, mortality is high, treat with tetracycline and chloramphenicol |
| What causes Rocky Mountain Spotted fever? Transmitted? Symptoms? Prevalence> In tennessee? | Rickettsia rickettsii transmitted by ticks Rash caused by blood capillaries rash increasing prevalence, in Tennessee |
| What causes Ehrilichiosis? Gram? What is it like? What type of parasite? HOw is it transmitted? Symptoms? Mortality? FOund in tn? | Ehrlichia, gram -, Rickettsia-like, obligate white blood cell parasite, transmitted by lone star tick, flue like disease 5% mortality, found in tennessee |
| What is Rhizobium? | infects roots of pea, beans, clover plant forms nodlues and bacteria live symbiotically fix nitrogen for plants plants provide anaerobic conditions |
| What is the energy source of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter? | reduced nitrogen compounds, oxidize NH4 to NO2 and NO3 to be more useable for plants |
| What is a chemoautotroph? | not photosynthetic, E from organic compounds, CO2 as carbon source |
| What are Azospirillum? | alphaproteobacteria that fixes nitrogen for plants |
| What is Acetobacteria? | alphaproteobacteria that converts ethanol to vinegar |
| What are Brucella? | alphaproteobacteria, coccobacillus shape, gram - aerobic rods, obligate parasite for mamals |
| What disease does Brucella cause? What are the symptoms? What does it do to cattle? How is it transmitted? | brucellosis in animals and humans (undulant or Malta fever) recurrent fever spontaneous abortions in cattle enters through digestive tract or skin/respiratory tract in slaughter houses |
| How do you treat brucellosis? How do you prevent? | antibiotics doxycycline and rifampin Prevent by pasteurization |
| What are the 7 alphaproteobacteria to remember? | Acetobacter Azospirillum Brucella Ehrlichia Nitrobacter Rickettsia Rhizobium |
| What are the 4 Betaproteobacteria to remember? | Burkholderia Bordtella Neisseria Thiobacillus |
| What are gram characteristics of betaproteobacteria? | Gram - |
| What characterizes Tiobacillus? What is it important for? | chemoautrophic oxidizes reduced forms of sulfur important for natural cycling of sulfur in environment |
| What are the 3 pathogenic betaproteobacteria? | Bordetella, Burkholderia, Neisseria |
| What is Burkholderia cepacia? Where is it found? | Aerobic betaproteobacteria, gram - rod, contaminate equipment and drugs in hospitals, metabolizes respiratory secretions |
| What is Bordetella pertussus? How to prevent it? What are symptoms? Toxins do what? | gram- betaproteobacteria cocobacillus, agent of whooping cough, recieve vaccinations in DPT respiratory tract infections, toxins immobilize respiratory cilia extreme coughing fits |
| What is Neisseria? 2 types | betaproteobacteria that inhabit mucous membranes Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis |
| iIs Neisseria meningitidis aerobic/anaerobic? Where is it found in the body? What does it causes? What is in its outer membrane? | Meningococcal meningitis and septic shock aerobic present in nose and throat Has LPS in outer membrane |
| What is the pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis? | LPS released and causes immune system chaos Immune mediators "cytokines" cause massive systemic clotting no circulation rapid onset |
| What is the epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis? | epidimics in military or corwded living conditions spread through sharing glasses immune suppression can increase chances of illness |
| How do you treat Neisseria meningitidis? Prevention? | Limited treatment after septic shock vaccine available |
| What are the 8 gammaproteobacteria to remember? | Coxiella Legionella Moraxella Salmonella Vibrio Enterobacter Escherichia Pseudomonas |
| Gram of Pseudomonas? (an)aerobic? Shape? How do they move? Where found? WHat do they causes? | Gram - rods aerobic move by flagella found in soil and water frequent cause of noscomial infections |
| How can you identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa? What is it? Where can it grow? What does it cause? | Soluble blue-green pigment opportunistic pathogen can grow on lots of substances even soap and some antiseptics Frequently causes uti |
| Is Moraxella (an)aerobic? Shape? Causes? | aerobic coccobacilli, Moraxella catarrhalis causes earaches and Moraxella lacunata pink eye |
| What does Legionella cause? Where is it found? | form of pneumonia called legionellosis, found in streams colonizes warm-water supply lines in hospitals, cooling towers in ac systems reproduce w/in aquatic amoebae |
| When did we first notice Legionella? What are the symptoms? Why it it such a problem? | when members of American legion attending Philadelphia convention became ill and even died, causes high fever and cough, resistant to chlorine |
| What does Coxiella cause? How is it transmitted? | Q-fever, transmitted by aerosols/contaminated milk |
| What is Q-fever? Symptoms? Transmission? WHat usually kills the bacteria? | caused by coxiella burnetii, fever 1-2 weeks, chills, headache, pneumonia transmitted by aerosol, tick bites, and dairy, bacteria usually killed by pasteruazation |
| What are 2 types of bacteria that can be transmitted by contaminated milk | Coxiella burnetii Brucella abortus |
| What is facultatively anaerobic? | likes oxygen, can switch if no O2 available |
| What are Vibrionales? What type of atmosphere? Ex? | type of gammaproteobacteria, facultatively anaerobic Vibrio cholerae |
| Is Vibrio cholerae gram? What does it cause? How is it transmitted? When does it reappear? What type of water does it prefer? | Gram - curved rods, causes cholera symptoms of watery diarrhea transmitted by unsanitary conditions or raw shellfish prefers low salt water of estuaries Reappears when sanitary practices are abandoned (natl disaster) |
| Enterobacteriales, atmosphere? Gram? Ferments what? HOw can you identify it? Where is it found? | facultatively anaerobic gram - rods ferment glucose rapid identification test found in soil and animal digestive tracts |
| Escherichia, example? Where is it found? Pathogenic? | Escherichia coli found in human intestinal tract not usually pathogenic |
| Escherichia coli-serotype o157:H7 In cattle? What percent? | Can be in gi tract of cattle w/o causing disease, meat from infected cattle may be contaminated by intestinal material 1% of ground meat samples contain it |
| What does E.Coli O157:H7 do? What percent of feedlot cattle carry this strain? WHat percent of infected children die? | produce endotoxins that damage large intestine and kidney 50% cattle 5% children |
| Salmonella, pathogenic? Where is it found? What is the species? Gram? Atmosphere? | Almost always pathogenic, found in intestines of animals Salmonella enterica Gram - rods facultatively anaerobic |
| Salmonella enterica, how many serovars? How do you typically name serovars? | 2300 serovars, named in text as if separate species ie Salmonella enterica typhi=Salmonelly typhi |
| What does the Kaufmann-White scheme allow? | distinguish different serovars by antibodies, org is identified by antigens: on capsule=k, Cell wall=O, flagella=H |
| In the Kaufmann-White scheme, what does K indiacte? O? H? | K= antigens on capsule O=antigens on cell wall H=antigens on flagella |
| In K-W scheme, what do you do if you have more than one antigen in different place? EX? | serovar designation can be complex string of K, O, H numbers Eshcerichia coli - serotype O157:H8 |
| What illness is caused by salmonella species? Incubation time? Symptoms? Fatal? Reported? SOurce? | gastroenteritis-salmonellosis 12-36 hours fever, abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea not usually fatal or reported found in meat products, poultry, eggs, reptiles |
| Why should you cook your ground beef well? | to prevent illness from Escherichia coli O157:H7 |
| Why should you cook your eggs well? | To prevent salmonellosis from Salmonella entertidis |
| What does Salmonella typhi cause? gram? Contamination? Causes what? Where does it occur? | typhoid fever gram - contaminaton of food/water by human waste causes gastrointestinal and systemic disease occurs where sanitary conditions break down |
| What killed Wilbur Wright? | Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever) |
| What is the incubation period of Salmonella typhi? Symptoms? How do the bacteria multiply? | 2 week incubation high fever, headache, diarrhea in second week bacteria multiply in phagocytic cells and spread |
| What is mortality rate of typhoid fever w/o ttreatment? What percent of recovered hosts become chronic carriers? Who was a famous typhoid carrier? | 20% died 1-3% carriers Typhoid Mary Mallon |
| What killed Willie Lincoln? | Typhoid fever |
| How is Salmonella typhi controlled? | sewage treatment, water treatment, food sanitation antibiotic with cephalosporins |
| What is the bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever? | Ricketsia rickettsii |
| To what hylum do the rocky mountain spotted fever bacteria belong? | Proteobacteria |
| Are rocky mountain spotted fever bacteria gram +/-? | Gram - |
| Name two species of bacteria that can be transmitted in raw milk? | Listeria monocytogenes Brucella abortus Coxiella burnetii |
| TO what class of bacteria do cholera bacteria belong? | betaproteobacteria |
| To what order do Escherichia coli belong? | Enterobacteriales |
| To what order do Shigella and Yersinia and Haemophilus belong? | Enterobacteriales |
| Shigella, gram? Disease? Vaccine? Pathogenic? What other bacteria express the Shiga toxin? | gram - bacillary dysentary=shigellosis (severe diarrhea) cause of traveler's diarrhea no vaccine Ecoli O157:H7 has shiga toxin |
| What is a shiga toxin? | an endotoxin that kills intestinal epithelial cells, causes cramps and fever |
| Yersinia, gram? Disease? Transmission? Symptoms? Mortality if left untreated? | Gram -, Yersinia pestis (black death) plague in medieval Europe, transmitted by rat fleas dark blue areas of skin due to blood vessel breakdown, mortality of 50-75% |
| Why do we called Yersinia pestis the bubonic plague? | causes enlarged lymph nodes called "buboes" |
| Does plague occur in the US? | Yes! Esp in western us |
| Haemophilus, gram? diseases (%)? Where is it typically found? What protects it from immune system? Mortality rate? | gram -, 45% meningitis in young children, 20-30% earache, can cause pneumonia, normal inhabitant of throat, mouth, upper respiratory capsule protects it 64% mortality if left untreated |
| How are most children protected from meningitis caused by Haemopholius influenzae? | vaccination |
| What are the 2 Epsilonproteobacteria to know? | Campylobacter and Helicobacter |
| Campylobacter, gram? Shape? O2 pref? Example? Found in? Symptoms? | gram-, vibriod body form, microaerophilic, Campylobacter jejuni causes food borne intstinal disease, lives in intestinal tract of poultry fever, abdominal pain, crapms, diarrhea, dysentary |
| What makes Campylobacter jejuni unique? | has 2 flagellie and is microaerophillic |
| Helicobacter, gram? Example? O2 pref? shape? disease? How does it work? What percent of individuals in developed world have it? Where does it grow? Cure? | gram -, microaerophilic, Helicobacter pylori, curved rods w/ multiple flagella, causes peptic ulcers in humans inflammation of stomach lining, 30-50% have it, grows in high acid, antibiotic treatment cures ulcers |
| What are the gram - bacteria that are NOT proteobacteria to know? | Cyanobacteria |
| Cyanobacteria, gram? O2? Nitrogen? Morphology? Important? | blue green algae but not algea, can photosynthsise like plants, nitrogen fixation, diverse morphology, when earth developed, important to produce O2 in atmosphere |
| Phylum Firmicutes characterised by what? What 3 orders fall under this? | Low G+C content of DNA Clostridiales Bacillales Lactobacillales |
| Order Clostridiales, O2? endospores? Example? | Obligate anaerobe, form endospores, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens |
| Clostridium tetani, gram? disease? found? produces? What prevents it? Caused by what? | gram +, causes tetanus (lock jaw), common in soil w/ animal wastes produces neurotoxin, tetanospasmin when bacterial cell dies DPT vaccine prevents (booster every 10 years) caused by deep puncture wound by (nail) |
| Clostridium botulinum, O2? gram? causes? where can it grow? produces? Can it be destroyed? Symptoms? | Obligate anaerobe, causes food poisoning, can grow in sealed food jars, produces neurotoxin that can be destroyed if you boil, blurred vision, difficulty swallowing |
| Clostridium perfringens, gram? causes? what if it isn't removed? Treatment? | gram +, causes food borned diarrhea and gas gangrene in wounds w/o blood supply, unless removed, toxins released keep killing cells and spreading, Penicillin kills it |
| What are the important Bacillales bacteria? | Bacillus anthracis, Listeria, Staphylococcus |
| Bacillus, gram? Produce? Found? | gram + rods, produce endospores, found in soil |
| Bacillus anthracis, causes? O2? gram? where is it found? Where can it grow? Who is at risk? Results in what? mortality? Why else could this be dangerous? Treatment? | Agent of anthrax, aerobic, gram+ can survive by growing slowly in moist soil and infects sheep and cattle when they graze results in rapid fatal disease, humans who handle wool, animal hides are at risk endospores Causes pulmonary anthrax pneumonia |
| What is the mortality rate of anthrax? mortality? Why else could this be dangerous? Treatment? | High mortality, could be used in biological warfare Penicillin treats it, Ciprofloxacin treated most recent cases of mail contamination |
| What are the important Lactobacillales? | Lactobacillis and streptococcus |
| Lactobacillus, gram? how can they compete at low pH? metabolism? O2? Produces? | Gram +, Aerotolerant anaerobes, produce lactic acid to compete, inefficient metabolism, produce sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk and yogurt |
| Streptococcus two to remember? Gram? Shape? | Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram +, crows in spherical chains |
| How can you differentiate Streptococci? 3 types? | On blood agar, Alpha, Beta, and Non helolytic |
| What do alpha hemolytic Streptococci do on blood agar? | reduce red hemoglobin to green methemoglobin (causes green/brown zone around colony) |
| What do beta hemolytic Streptococci do on blood agar? | completely lyses red blood cells, cause clear zone around colony |
| What do non hemolytic Streptococci do on blood agar? | nothing to red blood cells |
| What are the most important Streptococci pathogens? | Group A Beta hemolytic streptococci (GAS) |
| What is an important alpha-hemolytic species of Streptococcus? | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| What is an important beta-hemolytic Streptococcus? | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Streptococcus pyogenes, Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus, causes? what are 3 enzymes made by this bacteria? Produces? | strep throat, meningitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever, earache, childbirth fever, rheumatic fever, erysipelas Streptokinase, Hyaluronidase, Deoryribonuclease Produces exotoxins that can cause TSS |
| What does Streptokinase do? | dissolve blood clots |
| What does Hyaluronidase do? | dissolve connective tissue |
| WHat does Deoryribonuclease do? | Chews up DNA |
| What is childbirth fever? What can in cause? What % died in 1860's? Who reduced this percentage? | Infection of uterus that can lead to sepsis, 12% of new mothers once died of this infection before Ignaz Semmelweis reduced it by disinfection of hands and instruments |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae, gram? Hemolytic? Causes what? What helps it resist phagocytosis thus making it pathogenic? | gram +, alpha hemolytic, causes pneumonia, capsule protects it |
| TO what order does Staphylococcus belong? | Bacillales |
| How does Staphylococcus grow? Survive? | grow as grape-like clusters, survive in nasal secretions and on skin |
| Staphylococus aureus, gram? color? O2? produces? Causes? What are some strains resistant to ? What do you call these strains? What is an alternative to this medication that some are resistant to? | gram +, yellow pigmented grape-like colonies, Facultative anaerobes produces toxins infects surgical wounds sometimes, TSS MRSA (penicillin resistant) Vancomycin is alternative |
| Can you get food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus? WHy? | Yes! heat resistant toxins |
| Listeria monocytogenes, gram? where is it found? what does it contaminate? Causes in adult? Fetus? Immunocompromised? | Gram +, found in animal feces, soil and water, can contaminate raw vegetables fertilized w/ manure, unpasteurized dairy, listeriosis in healthy adult meningitis in immunocompromised serious illness in fetus |
| How does Listeria monocytogenes cause illness in fetus? | survives in phagocytic cells, evades immunity, infect placenta and cross to infect fetus, causes neural damage or death |
| At what temperature does Listeria monocytogenes grow? What destroys it? How to treat? | Refrigeration destroyed by pasteruization treated w/ penicillin G |
| What Phylum of bacteria have High G and C content of DNA? What phylum has Low G+C content of DNA? | High-Actinobacteria Low-Firmicutes |
| What are the 2 Genera that belong to Actinobacteria that are important? | Mycobacteria, Corynebacterium |
| Mycobacteria, O2? Cell wall? Growth? Culture? | Aerobic rods, cell wall has mycolic acid (water-resistant surface) doesn't dry out Grows slowly is difficult to culture |
| How are mycobacteria identified microscopically? | Acid fast test, waxy coat holds dye even after washed w/ alcohol |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causes? Spreads?Affects what body parts? Mortality? Diagnosis? Treatment? Antibiotics? | Tuberculosis through airborne droplets, affects lungs,leading cause of mortality world wide (2million) Diagnose by PPD skin test treat with long course of antibiotics antibiotic resistance is becoming a problem |
| Mycobacterium leprae, causes? Grows where? Symptoms? If allowed to progress? Treatment? | Leprosy, grows in cells of skin and peripheral nervous system affected areas of skin lose sensation and causes hand deformities, treat with antibiotics rifampin clofazimine |
| To what Phylum do corynebacterium belong? | Actinobacteria |
| Corynebacterium diptheriae, gram? Virulent strains produce? Causes? Symptoms? Mortality before 1935? Death rate? How are we protected now? Treatment? | gram +, produces exotoxin, Diptheria- tough grayish membrane in throat that can block air before 1935 leading cause of death in children in US 5-10% mortality in respiratory cases Protected by DPT vaccine treated with Penicillin and Erythromycin |
| Propionibacterium, gram? Uses? Causes? | gram +, ferments swiss cheese causes acne |
| Streptomyces, gram? O2? Uses? | gram +, strict aerobes, produce antibiotics |
| Phylum spirochaetes includes what? | Treponema pallidum Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Spirochaetes, morphology? Movement? Where do they live? What microscopic technique identifies them? | Coiled shape, move by axial filaments live in human mouth identify with darkfield microscopy |
| Treponema pallidum, Phylum? Gram? Causes? What is this disease? Primary stage? Secondary stage? Tertiary? | gram - spirochete belonging to Phylum Spirochaetes Causes syphilis, STD Primary-bacteria enter blood and spread to other sites, cause lesions on hand Secondary-skin rash, fever, isolate spirochetes from mucous membrane Tertiary-prolonged immune respon |
| If syphilis is not treated what happens? | Cardiovascular system and nervous system are affected |
| Borrelia burgdorferi, phylum? Gram? Causes? Symptoms? Agent of disease? Transmitted? Treatment? Common? | Spirochaetes, Gram-, causes Lyme disease, arthritis symptoms, unusual bulls eye rash, Antibiotics can treat at this stage, spirochete is cause, transmitted by Deer ticks, very common tickborne illness |
| What kind of illness is caused by Shigella bacteria? | Shigellosis (travellers diarrhea) |
| What is a bubo? | Enlarged lymphnode |
| How are most children protected from meningitis caused by H. Influenzae? | vaccine |
| Are Clostridium tetani bacteria Gram -/+? | Gram + |
| Wht does the D in DPT stand for? | diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus |
| Corynebacterium diptheriae, gram? Disease? | + Diptheria |
| Clostridium tetani, gram? Disease? | + Tetanus (lock jaw) |
| Clostridium botulinum, gram? Disease? | + food poisoning (botulism) |
| Clostridium perfringens, Gram? Disease? | + gas gangrene, diarrhea |
| Streptococcus pyogenes, gram? Disease? | + child birth fever, strep throat, scarlet fever, meningitis, pneumonia |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae, gram? Disease? | + Pneumonia |
| Staphylococcus aureus, gram? Disease? | + skin infections, food poisoning, TSS |
| Bacillus anthracis, gram? Disease? | + Anthrax |
| Listeria monocytogenes, gram? Disease? | + Listerosis |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis, gram? Disease? | + Tuberculosis |
| Mycobacterium leprae, gram? disease? | + Leprosy |
| Ehrlichia chafeensis, gram? Disease? | - Ehrlichosis |
| Rickettsia prowazekii, gram? disease? | - Epidemic typhus |
| Rickettsia rickettsii, gram? disease? | - Rocky Mountain spotted fever |
| Brucella abortus, Gram? disease? | Brucellosis (undulant fever) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa, gram? disease? | - UTI |
| Legonella pneumophila, gram? disease? | - Pneumonia *legionellosis* |
| Haemophilus influenzae, gram? disease? | Meningitis in children, pneumonia Negative |
| Neisseria gonorrhoea, gram? disease? | - gonorrhea |
| Neisseria meningitidis, gram? disease? | - meningitis, septic shock |
| Vibrio cholerae, gram? disease? | - Cholera |
| Escherichia coli, gram? disease? | - not usually pathogenic |
| Bordetella pertussis, gram? disease? | - Whooping cough |
| Salmonella enterica, gram? disease? | - gastroenteritis |
| Salmonella typhi, gram? disease? | - typhoid fever |
| Helicobacter pylori, gram? disease? | - inflammation of stomach, ulcers |
| Campylobacter jejuni, gram? disease? | - foodborne diarrhea/dysentary |
| Treponema pallidum, gram? disease? | - Syphilis |
| Borrelia burgdorferi, gram? disease? | - Lyme disease |
| Yersinia pestis, gram? disease? | - Bubonic plague |
| Shigella dysenteriae, gram? disease? | - Shigellosis, bacillary dysentary |
| Pneumocystis jiroveci, group? disease? | fungus Pneumonia |
| Histoplasma capsulatum, group? disease? | fungus histoplasmosis |
| Coccidioides immitis, group? disease? | fungus coccidioidomycosis (Vally fever) |
| Giardia lamblia, group? Disease? | protozoa Diarrhea |
| Entamoeba histolytica, group? disease? | protozoa Amoebic dysentery |
| Plasmodium vivax, group? disease? | protozoa Malaria |
| Plasmodium ovale, group? disease? | protozoa Malaria |
| Plasmodium falciparum, group? Disease? | protozoa Malaria |
| Cryptospordium parvum, group? disease? | protozoa Cryptosporidiosis (diarrhea) |
| Toxoplasma gondii, group? Disease? | protozoa Toxoplasmosis |
| Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, group? disease? | protozoa African sleeping sickenss (trypanosomiasis) |
| Trypanosoma cruzi, group, disease? | protozoa, Chagas disease (ameriican trypanosomiasis) |
| Schistosoma mansoni, group? disease? | Helminth (trematode) Shistosomiasis |
| Taenia saginata, group? Disease? | Helminth (cestode) intestinal parasite |
| Enterobius vermicalaris, group? disease? | Helminth (nematode) intestinal parasite |
| Necator americanus, group? disease? | Helminth (nematode) intestinal parasite |
| What causes Malaria? What carries it? | Plasmodium species Mosquitos (Anopheles) |
| What causes African trypanosomiasis? What carries it? | Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T.b. rhodesiense Tsetse fly (Glossina species) |
| What causes American trypanosomiasis? What carries it? | Trypanosoma cruzi Kissing bug (Tritomo species) |
| What causes Epidemic typhus? what carries it? | Rickettsia prowazekii Louse (Pediculus humanus) |
| What causes Rocky mountain spotted fever? What carries it? | Rickettsia rickettsii Tick (Dermacentor andersoni) |
| What causes the Plague? What carries it? | Yersinia pestis rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) |
| What causes Lyme disease? what carries it? | Borrielia burgdorferi Tick (Ixodes scapularis) |
| What are fungi? O2? Classified as? | decomposers of organic mater aerobic or facultatively anaerobic Chemoheterotrophs |
| When do humans use fungi? | for food (mushrooms) fermentation for alcohol/bread (yeast), drugs (penicillin) |
| How many know species of fungi? Pathogenic? | 100,000 known 100 pathogenic |
| What is mycology? | the study of fungi |
| What is a chemoheterotroph? | energy from chemical breakdown organic molecules for carbon, not CO2 |
| What is the body of mold composed of ? What are those collectively called? | long filaments called hyphae mass of hyphae is called a mycelium |
| What are yeasts? (filaments? cellular?) How do they reproduce? O2? | non filamentous unicellular fungi reproduce by budding (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or by fission (Schizocaccharomyces) Most are facultatively anaerobic |
| What are the pathogenic fungi? | Pneumocystis jiroveci Candida albicans Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidioides immitis |
| Pneumocystis jiroveici, causes this in who? How? It is a ________-pathogen | pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients Cysts can fill up air chambers of lungs opportunistic pathogen |
| Candida albicans causes? | opportunistic pathogen causes skin or vaginal infections called candidiasis or thursh affects immunocompromised and patients on broads-spectrum antibiotics |
| Why are patients on broad spectrum antibiotics more susceptible to development of candidiasis? | normal microbial populations of mout and genitourinary tract inhibit growth of fungus, when normal bacteria are reduced, fungus can grow out |
| Histoplasma capsulatum causes? How does it grow in tissue? in soil? Who discovered it? | causes tuberculosis-like disease histoplasmosis yeast-like growth in tissue mold-like growth in soil Causative fungus discovered by Dr. DeMonbreun @Vandy in 1932 |
| Histoplasma capsulatum is an example of systemic mycosis, what does this mean? How do they travel? Where in nature can you find this fungus? | pathogen in lungs can spread to most organs of body (systemic infection) yeast-like form can travel inside macrophages spores in air infect lungs from bird/bat droppings |
| Is histoplasmosis present in tennessee? | Yes! lots of birds and bats |
| Coccidioides immitis causes? What form does it take in soil? In tissue? how is it spread? symptoms? | tuberculosis-like illness called coccidiomycosis (Valley fever) yeast-like in tissue, mold-like in soil spread by inhaling spores chest pain, fever, weight loss |
| Is coccidiomycosis found in tennessee? | nope, confined to south west |
| What are some examples of fungal pathogens of plants? | spoilage of fruits/vegetable Potato blight(Phytophthora infestans) caused loss of Ireland's potato crop in 1800's resulted in widespread famine and death Chestnut blight killed american chestnuts (Cryphonectria parasitica) Dutch elm disease |
| What are algae? Classification? | Simple eukaryotes photoautrophic |
| What is photoautotrophic? | use sun for energy can use CO2 for carbon |
| What is the makeup of algae? | no roots, stem, leaves unicellular, but some can be filamentous (chains) or have a multicellular body (thallus) |
| How do algae get nutrients? Repoduce? What are they important for? HOw much 02 is produced by algae? | absorb nutrients from water reproduce asexually by fragmentation or cell division (some reproduce sexually) fix carbon from CO2 into organic compounds and producing 02 80% atmospheric oxygen |
| Some algae produce these? How can humans be poisoned? | neurotoxins from diatoms and dinoflagellates humans are poisoned if eat shellfish that has been feeding on certain |
| What are protozoa? cellular? classification. how many species? pathogenic? | unicellular eukaryotes chemoheterotrophs 20,000 species few are pathogenic |
| What are the protozoan pathogens? | Trichomonas vaginalis Giardia lamblia Entamoeba histolytica Plasmodium species Toxoplasma gondii Cryptosporidium parvum Trypanosoma brucei species |
| Trichomonas vaginalis, what do these lack? what is it classified as? Causes? Transmission? | protozoan pathogen, lack mitochondria causes vaginal infection, discharge pH of vaginal fluids become more alkaline (basic) sexually transmitted |
| Giardia lamblia, lack these? where are they found? what is it classified as? Causes? What percent of US are carriers? Cysts are resistant to this? | lack mitochondria inhabit human intestine cause prolonged diarrhea, weight loss 7% us carriers Water contaminated by feces cysts resistant to chlorine |
| Entamoeba histolytica classified as? Causes? What does this do? Transmission? resistant to what? | protozoan athogen causes amoebic dysentery, intestinal abscesses, blood to brain, liver or lungs and inter fere with function consumes red blood cells cysts excreted in feces infect new hosts (resistant to chlorine) |
| How many people affected by Malaria? Deaths? Is malaria a US problem? has it ever been | 300 million 2-4 million deaths Was in the us until malaria control |
| In Malaria lifecycle, what are humans? What are Anopheles mosquitoes? What is the most dangerous species? | Humans-intermediate hosts mosquitos-definitive hosts Danger-Plasmodium falciparum |
| What is a definitive host? | org that harbors adult sex mature form of parasite |
| What is the intermediate host? | hosts in which asexual reproduction occurs |
| When does Malaria become lethal? Diagnosis? Treatment? Prevention? | lethal if interfer with brain circulation diagnose by examination of parasites in blood smear treated with quinine and chloroquine vaccine being developed |
| Toxoplasma gondii, where is this infection common? in healty people? Where can you get it?Pregant women? | Toxoplasmosis common infection of sick cats, in healthy people, no infection get from undercooked meat or contaminated foods May cause blindness or death of fetus |
| Cyptosporidium parvum, causes? found? transmitted? resistant? | diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts, dehydration is lifethreatening lives in intestinal cells transmitted in cow, dog, cat feces resistant to chlorine |
| What causes African sleeping sickness? AKA? Prevalense? Symptoms? Transmission? Treatment? | Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense African trypanosomiasis affects 1 million people in Africa disorder of nervous system Transmitted tsetse fly decreased physical/mental leads to death some drugs, vaccine being develop |
| American Trypanosomiasis, caused? AKA? transmitted? Causes? Found? | Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas disease transmitted by "kissing bug" bite releases trypanosome from vector in bugs gut causes disease of cardiovascular system present in texas, mexico |
| Flatworms, phylum? 2 types? | Phylum Platyhelminthes types Trematodes (flukes) Cestodes (tapeworms) |
| Roundworms, phylum? | Nematoda |
| Parasitic helminths, simple/complex? Digestive system? Nervous system? Reproduction | complex organisms, some lace digestive system some have reduced nervous system b/c no need to respond to environment complex reproduction |
| Trematodes(flukes), shape? nutrients? | flat leaf-shaped body oral sucker (holds org in place sucks nutrients from host |
| Paragonimus westermani, what is it? Intermediate hosts? Definitive host? | human lung fluke intermediate hosts (snail and crayfish) humans are definitive host |
| Schistosoma mansoni, where is female? causes? intermediate host? | Female in grove of male body causes intestinal inflammation, damage to ogans, swimmers itch snail is intermediate host |
| Cestodes, aka? causes? attachment? digestive tract? Segments? | intestinal parasites Scolex has sucker for attachment no digestive tract absorbs nutrients from host segemets called proglottidis (each has m/f reproductive organs) |
| Nematodes, aka? digestive system? Examples? | round worms complete digestive system pinworms/hookworms |
| Enterobius vermicularis, aka? found? exposure? | pinworm adults live in intestines eggs escape intestine at night humans exposed to contminated beeding ingest eggs |
| Necator americanus, aka? this stage is infection? lives in? causes? transmission? | larval stage is infectious for hookworm lives in human small intestine eggs excreted in feces hatch to larvae in soil leads to iron deficiency/anemia pick up on feet, carried to lungs, coughed up/swallowed problem in rural south back in the day |
| What human disease are caused by pathogenic fungus? | Pneumocystis jiroveci (pneumonia) Candida albicans(thrush) Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis) Coccidioides immitis (tb like coccidiomycosis Valley fever) |
| How much earth supply of 02 is frm algae? | 80% |
| What kind of eukaryotic organism causes malaria? | Plasmodium protozoa |
| How is malaria transmitted? | Anopheles mosquito |
| What is the definitive host? | Where parasites sexually reproduce |
| Is a virus alive? | no-can't reproduce out of host cell, no plasma membrane, non-cellular yes-viral nucelic acids can drive protein synthesis use energy cause disease respond/adapt to environment |
| What is a virus? | sub microscopic parasitic, filterable agent consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat |
| "virus" is the latin word for what? | poison |
| These are intracellular parasites | viruses |
| What protects the virus from the environment and is necessary for transmission from one host cell to another? | protein coat (capsid) |
| How are viruses classified? | differences in protein coats |
| What is a viroion? | one complete, fully developed, infectious viral particle |
| HIV, disease? family? | AIDS Retroviriade |
| Influenza virus, disease? family? | Influenza (flu) Orthomyxoviridae |
| Measles virus, diseases? family? | Measles (Rubeola) Paramyxoviridae |
| Mumps virus, disease? Family? | Mumps Paramyxoviridae |
| Human herpes virus -1 &2, disease? Family? | Fever blisters, genital herpes Herpesviridae |
| Human papilloma virus, disease? family? | Genital warts, cervical cancer Papoviridae |
| Epstein-Barr virus, disease? family? | infectious mononucleosis Herpesviridae |
| Variola virus, disease? family? | Smallpox Poxviridae |
| Vaccinia virus, disease? family? | Cowpox Poxviridae (used for smallpox vaccination) |
| Varicella-zoster, disease? family? | Chickenpox/shingles Herpesviridae |
| Hepatitis C virus, disease? family? | Hepatitis C, Flaviviridae |
| Hepatitis B virus, disease? family? | Hepatitis B, Hepadnavirus |
| Poliovirus, disease? family? | polio Picornaviridae |
| Why are viruses called "filterable agents?" | after discovery of bacteria, in late 1800's, ppl realized that some plant disease caused by agents smaller than bacteria, that could pass through porcelain filter that retain bacteria |
| What was the first virus visualized by electron microscopy by Wendell Stanley? | tobacco mosaic virus |
| Viruses are ______ in size than bacteria? What size? | smaller 20-100 nm |
| How do viruses replicate? | require living cells, use host cell "machinery" to make viral proteins and nucleic acids |
| Viral nucleic acid genome is composed of what? What is the size of the genome (in nucleotides)? | DNA or RNA 3000-250,000 nucleotides |
| What does a viruses protein coat do? *(3 things) | protect from environment aid in transmission classified by differences in protein coat |
| Who first developed vaccination? What was he vaccinating against? What did he use? | Edward Jenner gave small boy cow pox to protect him from smallpox virus |
| What 2 forms can a viral coat take on? | non-enveloped protein coat may also be covered by lipid-containing envelope |
| What is a viruses host range? What do most viruses bind to? How many host species can a virus usually infect? | Spectrum of host cells that a virus can infect bind to specific host cell receptors most only infect one host, but some infect multiple species |
| If a virus has a broad host range, what does this mean? Narrow? | Broad-can infect several different cells within a host narrow-can only infect one cell type in one species |
| How can you visualize a viruses shape? | electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography |
| What does a helical virus look like? example? | nucleic acid core wrapped in helical protein capsid (pill shape) Rabies virus |
| What does a polyhedral virus look like? example? | multi-sided or icosahedral (pointy star) adenovirus |
| What does an enevloped helical virus look like? example? | roughly spherical w/ underlying helicalshape influenza virus (fat roundish pill) |
| What is the capsid? What is it composed of? Some viruses have an extra _________ composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates surrounding capsid. | protein coat around nucleic acid core composed of individual protein units called capsomeres Some have extra envelope like the influenza virus |
| Who provides the taxonomy of viruses? What do they base it on? How are viruses named? | International committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Classification based on nucleic acid type, replication strategy, morphology Viruses are given discriptive common names (HIV) |
| HOw can you grow viruses in the lab? | animal hosts embryonated eggs tissue culture cultured cell lines |
| Why are chicken embryos a good choice for growing viruses? | limited immune defenses so virus can replicate unchecked different parts of egg useful for cultivating different viruses |
| Do we still use embryonic cultivation today? WHo developed this practice | Yes for vaccine development developed by Dr. Goodpasture (vandy 1924) |
| On what are most viruses grown? WHat is this? | Immortal cell lines generated in the lab and are the in vitro equivalent of cancer cells (they keep growing, not in a monolayer indefinitely b/c the mechanism which tells them to die is broke) |
| What happen when a virus infects and replicates in a host bacterial cell? What are bacteriophages? | viruses that replicate in bacterial host cells, when virus infects and replicates, it kills the cell |
| What is the plaque method? How do you do it? | counting number of dead host cells to see how many bacteriophages there are Mix phages with bacteria, then mix with melted agar pour agar in thin layer over nutrient agar as virus replicate, kill host cell and release into agar infect adjacent bacter |
| What is a plaque in reference to the plaque method for virus counting? What is a plaque forming unit? | transparent spot on cloudy lawn of growing bacteria, corresponds to a bacteriophage Number of plaques is recorded as a PFU |
| What is the cytopathic effect (CPE)? What can it be used to do? | cells infected w/ viruses may die or change morphology, can be used to count viruses just like the plaque method |
| What type of genetic material is used by prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | double stranded DNA |
| What types of genetic material (genomes) can viruses use? | double stranded DNA single stranded DNA Double stranded RNA Single-stranded RNA |
| What shape can a viruses nucleic acid core take on? | linear circular segmented |
| What are the 2 mechanisms of bacteriophage replication? | Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle |
| The Lytic cycles ends with the host cell ______. THe Lysogenic cycle ends with the host cell _____? | Lytic=death of host cell Lysogenic= living host cell |
| What are the steps of the lytic cycle? What bacteriophages do this? | T-even bacteriophages Attachment Penetration Biosysntheis Maturation Release (APBMRuin) |
| What are the steps of the lysogenic cycle? What bacteriophages do this? | Bacteriophage lambda Attachment Penetration Viral DNA forms O virus enter lytic or recombine w/bacterial host DNA Prophage replicates w/bact chrom. lysogeny-phage inactive Phage DNA cut out->lytic cycle |
| What is a prophage? | when viral DNA is inserted into bacterial chromosome and replicates along with it |
| What happens in lysogeny? What is the host cell called/ | in lysogeny, phage remains inactive andhost cell is called lysogenic cell |
| In the lysogenic cycle, phage conversion can happen to the host cell what is that? | The host cell may acquire new properties, I.e. E.Coli acquires ability to produce shiga toxin |
| Define specialized transduction in relevance to Lysogeny. | when prophage exits bacterial chromosome, can take some of the adjacent bacterial genes w/ it |
| How does animal viral replication differ from phage replication? | Penetration (whole virus enters by endocytosis, not just injection of nucleic acid) Uncoating DNA viruses replicate DNA in nucleus Capsid proteins madein cytoplasm New viral prot. move into nucleus, assemble complete viron->ER4membrane fusion/release |
| What are some DNA viruses? | HH1/2 Herpes simplex virus HH3Varicella zoster virus HH4Lymphocryptovirus (Epstein barr virus) Poxviruses Papovaviridae |
| What is Papovaviridae (DNA/RNA virus?) Disease? Prevention? | DNA virus Warts/tumors Human papillomavirus (cervical cancer) Gardasil vaccine |
| What are Poxviruses (DNA/RNA) disease? Mortality in middle ages? | DNA skin pustules (small pox/cowpox) 30% deathrate |
| Hepadnaviruses, disease? (DNA/RNA) Why is it odd? | DNA causes hepatitis B synthesizes DNA by copying RNA using viral reverse transcriptase |
| Is it more/less complicated to replicate viruses w/ RNA-based genomes? | more! has different material than host genome |
| What are the beneifts of a positive-sense RNA genome for a virus? | same sense as mRNA, can immediately be translated to make proteins serves as template for synthesizing:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which synthesizes -strand as +sstemp capsid proteins inhibitor proteins to stop host protein transcription/translation |
| What do - sense RNA genome viruses need that +sense do not carry with them (b/c can produce)? | carries viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to synthesize +RNA strand which is template for new copies of viral RNA |
| What does reverse transcriptase do? | creates DNA from RNA |
| Picoranviruses, size? Rna/dna genome? what protein does it produce? What is this proteins function? | small virus w/ RNA genome synthesize proteins to inhibit transcript/translat of host protein makes RNA-dependent RNA poly. catalyzes synthesis of -strand (template for copies of +strand) +ss serve as mRNA for capsid synthesis |
| Flaviviruses, +/- ss? enveloped? example | enveloped +strand virus Hepatitis C virus |
| What does -sense strand RNA genome viruses carry? What for? | RNA dependent RNA polymerase to synthesize +RNA strand |
| What does the +sense strand of RNA serve as for viruses? | template for new copies of viral RNA for -ss |
| Othomyxoviridae (influenza virus), +/- sense strand? Mortality? | complex - sense RNA genome 36000 deaths per year could be a pandemic |
| What type of genome does reovirus have? Disease? | double-stranded RNA genome causes gastroenteritis and respiratory tract infetion |
| In double-stranded RNA genome viruses, what serves as template for new protein synthesis? WHat protein does it need to synthesize negative sense strands? What other proteins? | positive (viral mRNA) strand serves as template for new protein synthesis, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is synthesized to make -sense strands also makes proteins to form capsid |
| Retroviruses are unique because they have _________ copies of the RNA genome. What is this good for? | have 2 identical copies of the RNA genome reduces risk of losing function through mutation increases recombination between virions |
| How does replication occur in Retroviruses? | occurs by way of DNA intermediate (RNA is translated into DNA, enters nucleus, makes RNA copies which are packaged up and leave the cell to infect other cells) |
| This genus includes HIV1 and HIV2 which cause _____? | Lentivirus AIDS |
| Lentivirus carries its own____. THis is called_______ because it copies RNA to DNA. | RNA-dependent DNA polymerase reverse transcriptaise |
| What do yo call the enzyme that copies RNA to DNA? | reverse transcriptaise |
| How is the genome replicated in a retrovirus? | reverse transcriptase: transcribes RNA into complementary -DNA strand Degrades viral +RNA strand Use -DNA template to form second DNA strand dsDNA integrates into host cell DNA (provirus) latent or encode new viral proteins&RNA |
| What is a provirus? | When a virus's DNA integrates into host cell DNA (like a prophage) |
| Can viruses cause cancer? What do we call these? examples? | Yes, called oncoviruses HTLV-1 Epstein-Barr Virus Papilloma viruses |
| How do oncogenic viruses work? | integrate their genomes into host cell DNA and replicate along w/ host cell chromosome |
| What are latent viruses? examples? | recover from virus, but it hides in nerve cells that enervate the skin (don't replicate) and can be reactivated Herpes simplex (HHV1 and HHV2) Shingles (HHV3) |
| What is a persistent viral infection? Examples? | some persist slowly replicating populations after initial infection has been cleared Measles virus can cause brain infection subacture sclerosing panencephalitis |
| What is a prion? | mysterious infectious proteins that catalyze change in conformation of normal proteins molecules and cause disease may require phospholipid/RNA cofactors to infet (stabilize prion protein's structure) |
| How are prions spread? Example? | Mad cow disease, Creutzfeld-Jacob syndrome, Kuru spread by eating meat products contaminated with brains of affected individuals |
| Why are viruses called filterable agents? | smaller than bacteria, pass through porcelain filter |
| What is the method by which the number of viruses in a smaple can be counted? | record in plaque forming units-transparent spot on lawn of bacteria cytopothic effec (CPE) holes in monolayer of tissue |
| How can lysogenic cycle result in introduction of new DNA in host cell? | in lysogenic cycle, virus's DNA recombines with host DNA |
| Why do viruses with a positive sense genome make a negative sense strand? | need negative sense strand to serve as template to make copies of positive sense stranded RNA for virus |
| What are prions? | infectious proteins that catalyze change in normal protein molecules which then cause disease |
| Define disease? | an abnnormal state of health in which all or part of the body is not adjusted or capable of performing its normal function |
| When does disease happen? | when immune defenses of host are not effective at controlling growth of a pathogen |
| Define epidemiology | science that studies when and where disease occure and how they are transmitted |
| Why study epidemiology? | identify where disease occurs to suggest cause identify when disease occurs, how many people may be affected @given time Developing control strategy |
| Define pathology | scientific study of disease including etiology pathogenesis |
| Define etiology | study of cause of a disease |
| Defien pathogenesis | study of manner in which a disease develops study of structural and functional changes in body due to disease |
| Define infection | colonization or invasion of microorganism, may or may NOT lead to disease state Hiv infection results in disease AIDS |
| Define Normal Microbiota | microorganisms that live harmoniously in our gut, respiratory tract, skin, and gi tract |
| Define commensalism | one type of association in which organisms live in symbiotic relationship one benefits, the other is unharmed |
| Define mutualism | both organisms benefit in this symiotic relationship |
| Define parasitism | in this symbiotic relationship, one organism benefits at the expense of the other (pathogens) |
| What is microbial antagonism? Examples? | competition between organisms ex: Lactobacilli in vagina maintain a low pH that inhibits growth of yeast |
| What is an opportunistic pathogen? EX? | normal resident organisms that can cause disease if they gain access to different part of body, if immune defenses are weakened, can be pathogenic Ex: Pneumocystis jiroveci cists |
| When is E.Coli a pathogen? | not in gut, but in urinary bladdar/lungs |
| When is Neisseria meningitidis a pathogen? | live quitely in respiratory tract cause meningitis if gain access to central nervous system |
| When is Streptococcus pneumoniae a pathogen? | normal in nose/thraot causes pneumonia when enters the lungs of host |
| HOw do you establish the cause of disease? | using Koch's postulates |
| What are Koch's postulates | same pathogen in every case of disease isolate pathogen from host grow in putre culture cause disease when inoculated into healthy animal isolate from inoculated animal must be same as original organism |
| Why can't all organisms fulfill Koch's postulates? Examplse? | some can't be grown in pure artificial medium Viruses grown on cells some human pathogens don't cause same disease in animal host unethical to inject live pathogens into humans |
| How do you recognize disease? | Symptoms, Signs, Syndrome |
| What are symptoms | changes in body that suggest infections/disease canNOT be directly observed |
| WHat are signs? | change in physical appearance , can be directly observed |
| What is a syndrome? | a group of symptoms and signs always associated with a disease |
| What are the 2 classifications of disease by their ease of spread? | Communicable disease Contagious disease |
| What is a communicable disease | disease that spreads from one host to another TB/AIDS |
| What is a contagious disease? | disease that EASILY spreads from one host to another Chicken pox/common cold |
| What are the 3 classifications of disease according to their frequency? | Endemic Epidemic Pandemic |
| What is an endemic disease? | always present common cold |
| What is an epidemic disease? | many people acquire disease in a short time chicken pox outbreak |
| What is a pandemic disease? | epidemic disease that occurs world wide influenza |
| What are the 2 classifications of disease based on severity/durintaion? | Acute Chronic |
| What is an acute disease? | develops rapidly, lasts a short time flu, cold |
| What is a chronic disease? | develops slowly, persists, may be recurrent TB, mono HepB |
| What is a noncommunicable disease? | not spread, diseases that have genetic orign Sicle Cell anemia |
| What is a sporadic disease? | occasional occurence of a disease Typhoid fever |
| What is incidence of disease? | number of people who develop disease during a SPECIFIC TIME PERIOD, indicates spread |
| What is prevalence of disease? | number of people who have a disease at one time,includes OLD AND NEW CASES |
| What is a latent disease? EX? | agent of disease is inactive, but disease recurs Shingles from chickenpox cold sore from herpes simplex virus |
| What does the rate of disease spread depend on? | number of susceptible versus immune hosts |
| Why does vaccination of a population work? | vaccinated people don't carry the disease, enough immune that disease can't spread |
| What is herd immunity? | when enough people are immune to a disease that it cannot spread |
| How can you classify infection / disease according to the extent of the host involvement? 3 ways | Local infection systemic infection septicemia |
| What is a local infection? | infection confined to small area |
| What is a systemic infection | infection throughout the body |
| What is septicemia? 3 types? | pathogens multiply in the blood (blood poisoning) Bacteremia-bacteria in blood Viremia-viruses in blood TOxemia-toxins in blood |
| What is a primary infection? | acute initial infection (influenza) |
| What is a secondary infection? | caused by opportunistic invader when defenses are weakened by primary infection (pneumonia after flu) |
| What are some predisposing factors? | factors that make you more susceptible to disease Age chronic illness poor nutrition chemo therapy emotional disturbance environment bad habits |
| What is an incubation period? What factors affect this? | time between first infection and appearance of disease depends on disease agent, number of infecting orgs, resistance of host, virulence of pathogen |
| What are the stages of a disease? | Incubation period Prodromal period period of illness period of decline period of convalescence (IPIDC) |
| What is the prodromial preiod? | period of early mild symptoms |
| what is the period of illness? | acute symptoms and signs fever, chills, pain, sore throat, lymph node swelling, gi upset |
| What is the period of decline? | signs/symptoms of disease diminish, vulnerable to secondary infection |
| What is the period of convalescence? | regain strength, return body to normal state, affected person can be carrier of disease |
| What are 2 disease transmitted by "carriers" who are not overtly ill? | typhoid fever cholera |
| What is a reservoir of infection? | a living organism/nonliving material that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication prior to transmission |
| What are human reservoirs? | people who harbor pathogens, may be showing signs/symptoms, or may be carriers who show no signs of illness |
| What is a carrier of a disease? | one who shows no signs/symptoms of a disease |
| What is the term for a disease that occurs primarily in animals but can affect humans as well? EX | Zoonoses rabies, anthrax, hantavirus |
| What is an animal reservoir? | animals who harbor microorganisms that can transmit disease to humans |
| What are non living reservoirs? | nonliving material that can sustain organisms until they infect humans Clostridium tetani in soil (tetanus) Clostridium botulinum in soil (food poisoning_ |
| How can disease be transmitted? | contact transmission (direct, indirect, droplet) Vehicle transmission (water, food, air borne, by vectors) |
| What are the routes of contact transmission? | DIrect indirect Droplet |
| What is direct transmission | person to person |
| what is indirect transmission? | transmitted to non-living material |
| What is a fomite? | term to describe materials that can transmit infection bedding, towels, thermometers, syringes |
| What is droplet transmission? How many droplets per sneeze? | transmission by mucous droplets that travel short distances (less than 1meter) by sneezing, coughing, laughing, talking 20,000 sneezed droplets |
| What are the 4 types of vehicle transmission | water food air vectors |
| What is water borne transmission? | water containing untreated sweage |
| What is food borne transmission? | food incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated |
| What is air borne transmission? EX? | droplet nuclei may dry and travel more than 1 meter as dust Tb organisms resist drying and can remain in room dust |
| What is vector transmission? | passive-flies on animal wastes and carry to humans active-insect bites when insect carries pathogen |
| What are examples of transmission by insect vectors? | malaria by mosquitos sleeping sickness by tsetse fly chagas disease by kissing bug |
| What are the 4 portals of entry and exit of disease organisms? | respiratory route feces urogenital tract skin |
| What diseses take the resiratory route? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bordetella pertussis Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes |
| What organisms take the feces route? | Salmonella enterica Vibrio cholerae Salmonella typhi Shigella dysenteriae |
| What organisms take the urogenital tract? | Treponema pallidum Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| What organisms take the skin route? | Clostridium perfringens Rickettsia rickettsii |
| What is a nosocomial infection? | hospital acquired, patients w/ weakend immune systems transmitted by care-givers, contact with nonsterile materials airborne transmission |
| How can you control nosocomial infections? | aseptic techniques hand washing isolation rooms disinfect machines infection control officer at hospital |
| How did John Snow figure out the cholera epidemic in the 1800's? | analyzed death records interview families map outbreak, show most deaths were in people who drank from public water pump pump handle removed, cholera declined |
| What did Ignas Semmelweis do? | made physicians wash their hands, reduce childbirth fever from 13 to 2% |
| What does epidemiology depend on? What does it do | Case reporting helps establish chain of transmission, can develop a control strategy |
| What are notifiable diseases? | diseases that health care workers must report to local/state/national health officials AIDS, Measles, Tetanus, Typhoid fever, Gonorrhea |
| What is an emerging infectious disease? Ex? | new or old diseases which show an increased incidence West Nile Virus Dengue Virus SARS-associated corona virus MERS-associated corona virus |
| Where is the CDC located? What is it? Hhat does it publish? WHat does it do? | branch of US public health service in Atlanta Publishes online journal Emerging Infectious Diseases Publishes morbidity and mortality weekly report Tracks notifiable diseases |
| What is disease? | abnormal stat of health where body is not adjusted/capable of performing normal functions |
| What is epidemiology? | study of when where and how a disease is transmitted |
| Many org.s livein a symbiotic relationship. What is the definition of commensalism? | One org, benefits, the other is not harmed |
| What is disease prevalence? | total of old and new cases of disease |
| What is the term for a disease that occurs primarily in animals but can affect humans too? | zoonoses |
| Define pathogenesis | study of manner in which disease develops |
| HOw are microbes able to cause disease? | overcome host defenses |
| Define pathogenicity | ability of microbe to cuse disease by over coming defenses of host |
| Define virulence | degree of pathogenicity |
| How do microbes cause disease? | co-evolve with host exploit host weaknesses not the aim to cause disease, just want to survive/reproduce |
| What are some microbes that enter through respiratory mucous membranes? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bordetella pertussis Varicella zoster virus Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| WHat are some microbes that enter through the mucous membranes of digestive tract? | Salmonella enterica Vibrio cholerae Salmonella typhi Shigella dysenteriae |
| What are some microbes that enter through mucous membranes of urogenital tract? | Treponema pallidum Nessieria gonorrhoeae Herpes simplex virus 2 |
| What are some microbes that enter through skin? | Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Rickettsia rickettsii |
| What is LD50? | lethal dose 50, dose needed to kill 50% of infected hosts |
| What is ID50? | infectious dose 50, dose needed to produce demonstrable infection in 50% of exposed hosts |
| How can pathogens stick to host? | pathogen has adhesins or ligands and host cell has receptors |
| Where can you find adhesins? What are they usually made of? | find on cell wall, flagella, pili, fimbriae made of glycoproteins/lipoproteins |
| How do Shigella and pathogenic E.Coli attach to intestinal walls? How does Neisseria gonorrhoea stick to genital cells? | have adhesins on fimbriae uses adhesins on fimbriae |
| How do pathogens escape immune detection and destruction by bacteria? (what helps them to be virulent) | capsules other cell wall components bacterial enzymes |
| What are capsules? Made of? what do they do? Example? | organized sticky sugar coating firmly attached to outside of cell wall made of polysaccharides and peptides inhibits phagocytosis by macrophages UNLESS specific antibodies are attached Makes organism "slippery" Streptococcus pneumoniae w/capsule |
| What cell wall component helps Streptococcus pyogenes be virulent? HOw? What does immunity depend on? What can antibodies result in? | M protein found on cell walls and fimbriae helps attach to epithelial cells resists phagocytosis b/c decorated w/fibrinogen fools phagocytic cells to think it's a clot Immunity=antibodies to Mprot Can result in autoimmunity to heart muscle proteins!!! |
| What helps Mycobacterium tuberculosis be virulent? HOw? | Waxy lipids in cell wall resist phagocytosis organisms can persist inside macrophages resist drying |
| What does the enzyme coagulases do for the virulence of a microbe? | builds clot to protect bacteria from phagocytosis |
| What does the enzyme bacterial kinases do for the virulence of a microbe? | dissolve clots allow infection to spread (streptococcus) |
| What does the enzyme Hyaluronidase do for the virulence of a microbe? | dissolves hyaluronic acid necessary for connective tissue, allow pathogen to spread |
| What does the enzyme collagenase do for the virulence of a microbe? | breaks down collagen allow pathogen to spread |
| What does the enzyme IgA proteases do for the virulence of a microbe? | degrade protective antibodies in mucosal secretions |
| How do Salmonella enterica and E. Coli gain access to host cells? | attach to cell receptors by bacterial adhesins Salmonella enterica and E.Coli release invasins that interact w/ actin in cytoskeleton to disrupt it (membrane ruffling_ microbe sinks into ruffle and is taken up |
| What is the purpose of invasins released by bacteria? | interact w/ actin in cytoskeleton to disrupt it cause membrane ruffling so microbe can be taken up by the cell |
| HOw does Shigella gain access to host cells? | uses actin to propel itself through cell cytoplasm from one cell to the next, evades immune defenses |
| How do bacterial pathogens damage host cells (3ways) | direct damage at site of invasion Microbes multiply, uses host resources Production of toxins |
| What is direct damage to a bacterial pathogen? | cells may fill up w/bacteria or viruses and RUPTURE! |
| What host resources do bacteria use up? How do they get it? | iron, so they kill the cell and take it! use protein called siderophores-bind to iron and steal from host proteins |
| What is the function of siderophores? | bind to iron and steal it from host proteins and bring it to bacteria |
| What types of toxins can microbes produce to damage host cells? | cell poisons endotoxins or exotoxins -primary factor contributing to pathogenicity |
| What is the primary factor contributing to pathogenicity? | Toxins! |
| What are exotoxins? WHat are they capable of? | a protein toxin released from living, mostly gram + bacterial cells capable of highly specific inhibition of host metabolism |
| Where are most toxins carried/how do microbes get them? | most carried on plasmids or contributed by infection w/ lysogenic bacteriophage |
| What are the 3 classifications of exotoxins? | cytoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins |
| What are Leucocidins? What do they do? What produces them? | membrane active toxins that kill phagocytic leukocytes degrade lysosomal compartment of phagocytic cells Produced by staphylococci and streptococci |
| What are hemolysins? What are they called if produced by streptococci? Produced by? | cause disruption of cellmembrane of red/white blood cells Streptolysins staphylococci, streptococci, Clostridium perfringens |
| WHat are toxoids? Can they cause disease? What makes up DPT vaccine? | exotoxins inactivated by heat or chemical no longer cause disease, can induce immune response Diptheria toxoids and tetanus toxoids = DPT |
| How can you name toxins? | may be named by cell type they target or by the disease they cause |
| What do cytotoxins affect? | many cell types |
| What does erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus pyogenes do? | damages blood capilaries to cause scarlet fever rash |
| What do neurotoxins do? 2 Examples? | attack nerve cells BOtulinum toxin Tetanus toxin |
| What do enterotoxins do? Examples? | attack lining of gastrointestinal tract Cholera toxin Staphylococcal enterotoxin |
| What is an example of a toxin named after the disease it causes? When does the bacteria produce the toxin? | diphtheria toxin Corynebacterium diptheriae produces toxin if it has lysogenic phage carrying tox gene, inhibits protein synthesis in nerve, heart, kidney cells by inhibiting step required to move ribosomes along mRNA |
| What is an A-B type toxin? How does it work? | protein has A active domain and B binding domain exotoxin released, B component attaches to host cell receptor A-B exotoxin enters host cell by endocytosis enclosed in pinched-off part of plasma membrane parts of exotoxins separate, A alters B release |
| What type of toxin in Cholera? Why is it an A-B toxin? | enterotoxin, A subunit activates enzyme called adenylate cyclase->unregulated overproduction of cAMP-> loss of fluids across epithelial cells and watery diarrhea disturb muscle contractions |
| What is a superantigen? What bacteria produces it? What does it lead to? | Staphylococcus aureus produces product that induces an intense immune response Same disruptive effect of digestive tract cells as cholera TSS (diarrhea, fever, vomiting, shock) |
| What is associated with toxic shock from Staphylococcus aureus? | nasal surgery, absorbent packing, vaginal tampons, after birth complications |
| How do superantigens work? | bind to receptors on T lymphocytes, trigger activation, proliferation, and release of "cytokines" results in fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock and death |
| What do membrane-disrupting toxins do? What are 2 bacterial exotoxins that do this? | disrupt the integrity of the plasma membrane of host cells Stapylococcus aureus exotoxin (forms protein channels in cell membranes) Clostridium ferfringens exotoxin (interacts w/ disturbs phospholipids in membrane |
| What type of toxin does Clostridium botulinm produce? What does it do? | neurotoxin-botulinum toxin binds to nerve cells, acts on proteins in synaptic vesicles inhibits release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine results in local paralysis |
| What type of toxin does Clostridium tetani produce? What does it do? | tetanus toxin binds to nerves that relax muscles and inhibits transmission, relaxation is prevented |
| What is LPS? What part is the endotoxin? When is it toxic? | lipopolysaccharides are part of cell wall of most GRAM- bacteria The lipid portion (endotoxin) is released when cell dies |
| What do antibiotics do to LPS containing bacteria? Causes? | release LPS, symptoms worsen then improve induce chills, fever, weakness, aches, shock from vascular complications |
| What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)? | blood clotting which decreases vascular supply to the tissue |
| What is the works case scenario for endotoxins? | result in massive vascular complications that result in shock |
| What is shock? | life threatening loss of blood pressure |
| What is septic shock? What does it do? | shock caused by gram- bacteria disturb capillary permeability, results in loss of fluids, BP drops |
| What are 2 endotoxin producing bacteria? | Neisseria meningitidis Salmonella typhi |
| What mediates fever response to endotoxin? | release of hormones (cytokines) |
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