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Bio Concepts 2
chapter 44:Osmoregulation and Excretion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osmoregualtion balances what | the gain and loss of water and regulates solute (nutrients and waste) concentrations |
| Freshwater animals | adapt to reduce water uptake and conserve solutes so the cells dont burst |
| Marine animals | are more or less in equilibrium with seawater (minimal water and solute loss or gain) |
| Desert animals | adapt to desiccating environments that can quickly deplete body water b/c the heat causes evaporation to occur faster |
| The problem of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products is that they | become increasingly concentrated inside organisms, they become increasingly harmful, and even lethal |
| The solution to the amount of nitrogenous metabolites in the body is | Excretion continuously rids body of n-waste, removing them from blood and other body fluids |
| Osmoregulation | controls movement by diffusion/osmosis of solutes between internal fluids and external environment. |
| Why do cells require equilibrium of osmotic gain and loss of water because | otherwise the cell will not be able to fulfill its metabolic functions. |
| osmolarity | solute concentration of solution, determines diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane |
| iso-osmotic | movement of water is equal in both directions (no net charge) |
| what happens if two solutions differ is osmolarity, net flow of water is from... | hypo-osmotic to hyper-osmotic solution (water "seeks" equilibrium) |
| Osmoconformers | iso-osmotic with their surroundings.do not regulate their osmolarity(no need),mostly marine animals. |
| Osmoregulators | expend energy to regulate water uptake and loss in hyper-osmotic or hypo-osmotic environments.compensate for water moving into/out of body because of osmotic pressure |
| stenohaline | contains most animals. can not tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity |
| Euryhaline | can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity |
| Marine invertebrates | osmoconformers |
| Marine vertebrates | osmoregulators |
| Marine bony fishes are hypo-osmotic to sea water therefore | lose water by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion from seawater and from food. Balance water loss by drinking seawater and excreting salts |
| Freshwater animals | constantly&passively absorb water by osmosis from hypo-osmotic environment.maintain water balance by excreting large amounts of dilute urine.lose salts by diffusion.salts replaced by food and by active uptake by gills. |
| Land animals avoid desiccation by... | drinking water and eating moist foods,using metabolic eater. |
| Desert animals | have anatomical and behavioral adaptations to help retain water. |
| what are the adaptations of desert animals that help them retain water? | thick skin/scales(reptiles)(anatomical).kidneys retain water, excrete"dry"urine(phisological).Nocturnal life style(behavioral). |
| Do osmoregulators use energy to maintain osmotic gradients? | yes, so that organism remains hyper-or hypo-osmotic relative to habitat. |
| Transport epithelia | specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movement.essential to osmotic regulation and metabolic waste disposal.occurs in complex tubular networks.Salt glands of marine birds.kidneys in all vertebrates |
| The type and quantity of animals metabolic waste product may greatly affect what? | water balance |
| What are the most important wastes? | nitrogenous breakdown products of proteins and nucleic acids. how animals handles these wastes depends on the kind of animal and its habitat. |
| The types of nitrogenous wastes | ammonia(very soluble),urea(less soluble),uric acid(least soluble) |
| Urea | liver of mammals and most amphibians convert ammonia in blood to this.This is energetically costly,but excretion requires less water than NH3 therefore conserving water in body.CS carries this to kidneys to be excreted from water. |
| Uric Acid | Insects,land snails,many reptiles,birds excrete this.more energetically costly,highly insoluble, can be excreted in paste-like form to conserve water |
| Ways to increase SA | folding,branching,tubular |
| Diverse excretory systems are variations on what? | tubular theme to increase SA to regulate solute movement between internal fluids and external environments. |
| Excretory Processes | most excretory systems uses osmosis and energy to produce urine by cleansing filtrate from body fluids. |
| What are the key functions of excretory systems. | Filtration,Re-absorption,secretion,excretion |
| Filtration | pressure-filter body fluids>>filtrate |
| Re-absorption | reclaim water and useful solutes(selective membrane). requires energy |
| Secretion | eliminate toxins and other unneeded solutes toxins from body fluids>>filtrate. requires energy. |
| Excretion | purge filtrate from system/body. |
| systems that perform basic excretory functions | vary widely among animal groups:from simple to complex.usually involve complex network to tubules |
| Protonephridium | network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings.smallest branches of network are capped by flame bulb.excrete dilute fluid,primary function is osmoregulation |
| metanephridia | each segment of earthworm has a pair of these. they are open ended tubules that collect and cleans coelomic fluid.produce dilute urine then excrete it. |
| Malpighian tubules | insects and other terrestrial arthropods rely on these to remove NH3 from hemolymph>urea>uric acid>hindgut>eliminated with fecal pellet. hind gut reabsorbs water and other useful products. key adaption to terrestrial life.conserve water. |
| Kidneys | excretory organs of vertebrates.function in both excretion and osmoregulation. structure reflects function.principal organ of water balance and salt regulation |
| Renal artery | supplies each kidney with blood |
| Renal Vein | drains kidney of blood(waste blood) |
| Urter | Where urine exists each kidney through these ducts,and then into urinary bladder,and expelled through single urethra |
| What are the two distinct regions of mammalian kidneys | outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla. |
| Nephron | basic functional unit of vertebrate kidney consists of glomerulus, single long bending tubule,bowmans capsule |
| glomerulus | ball of capillaries |
| Bowman's capsule | surrounds and receives filtrate from gromerulus |
| How does the mammalian kidney conserve water? | by producing urine that's much more concentrated in solute and waste products than body fluids. |
| What do freshwater fishes conserve? | salt and excrete large volumes of dilute urine |
| How is kidney function in amphibians similar to freshwater fishes? | conserve water on land by reabsorbing water from urinary bladder. |
| Birds and most reptiles conserve water by doing what? | excreting uric acid instead of urea. most reptiles also excrete uric acid |
| How do mammals control volume and osmolarity of urine? | mechanism relies on hormonal control and feedback loops. antidiuric hormone and other hormones increase water re-absorption.increases the release of ADH conserving water.Alcohol is a diuretic inhibiting release of ADH and in turn increasing urination. |
| diuretic | draws H2O out of blood (dehydrating) |
| Systems that define humanity. | reproductive, nervous, skeletal, muscle |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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