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Biology 1114
Midterm #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most apparent from comparisons of related species specialized for different niches | Adaptations |
| Functionally similar, but structurally and historically different (bat and bird wings) | Analogous structure |
| Product of convergent evolution | Analogous structure |
| Structurally similar, but can be functionally different (pentadactyl limb) | Homologous structure |
| products of divergent evolution | homologous structure |
| Structures with little or no current function, retained due to common ancestry | Vestigial structures |
| an existing structure modified to serve a new function | preadaptation |
| an adaptation that has arisen via preadaptation | exaptation |
| the form with the highest fitness can't "breed true" | heterozygote advantage |
| certain morphologies are impossible developmentally | developmental constraints |
| adaptation for one function may compromise another function | trade-offs |
| random change in allele frequencies between generations | genetic drift |
| heterozygosity equations | H=1-(p^2+q^2) |
| reduces heterozygosity | genetic drift |
| increases heterozygosity | mutation |
| establishment of a new population by a few which carry onlt a small fraction of the total genetic variation of the parental population | founder effect |
| environmental (or other) catastrophe decimates a large percentage of the population | population bottlenecks |
| deleterious alleles will accumulate in an asexual population over time if mutations from bad back to good or neutral are rare | Muller's ratchet |
| species cannot be defined by the degree of morphological difference | biological species concept |
| Species are defined on the basis of physical feature(body size, shape, color) | Morphological species concept |
| the smallest aggregation of populations (sexual) or lineages (asexual) diagnosable by a unique combination of character states in comparable individuals | Phylogenetic species concept |
| An irreducible cluster of organisms diagnosably distinct from other such clusters and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent | Phylogenetic species concept |
| shared, derive(homologous) features | synapomorphy |
| group of species characterized by synapomorphy | monophyly |
| a complete lineage: all the descendants of a common ancestor | clad/monophyletic group |
| the mechanism by which populations attain reproductive isolation | speciation |
| phenomena that prevent gene flow between populations or members of the same population | isolating mechanisms |
| prevent mating between populations (or decrease frequency of incidence of mating) | prezygotic barriers |
| fertilization take place, but may not result in a successful offspring | postzygotic barriers |
| chromosomes have different genes or morphologies and so can't segregate properly | aneuploid gametes |
| speciation is not the purpose, but a by-product of other processes and events | models of speciation |
| "different fatherland": non-overlapping distributions | allopatry |
| "same fatherland": overlapping distributions | sympatry |
| "through fatherland":geographically contiguous, isolation by distance | parapatry |
| speciation in adjacent areas across which gene flow is restricted | allopatry |
| allopatry that arises because extrinsic factors act to subdivide population | vicariance |
| allopatry that arises because a subset of the population disperses to a new, isolated place | dispersal |
| widespread species undergo local differentiation that leads to isolation | parapatric speciation |
| speciation without physical or spatial barrier | sympatric speciation |
| selection arising from differences in mating success | sexual selection |
| individuals recognize and encounter conspecifics of the appropriate sex | copulation |
| coordination of members of a population with respect to timing | spawning |
| oldest and largest individual is a females; multiple males compete for access | polyandry |
| oldest and largest individual is a male; he maintains a harem of females all of whom he fertilizes | polgyny |
| preference for similar phenotype | positive assortative mating |
| preference for different phenotype | negative assortative mating |
| probability that individual bearing genotype will survive | viability |
| number and quality of mates | mating success |
| number of gametes per individual | fecundity |
| alleles wind up in the gametes more/less frequently | segregation advantage |
| alleles impact the longevity or quality of the egg or sperm | gamete viability |
| alleles impact the probability that fertilization will take place | fertilization success |
| female choosiness and male elaboration form a positive feedback loop | runaway sexual selection |
| an action that reduces an individuals own fitness while increasing the fitness of another indivicual | altruism |
| direct fitness(# of offspring) plus equivalents gained through support | inclusive fitness |
| no one benefits further unless multiple participants agree to change their strategies | nash equilibrium |
| a strategy that if established cannot be invaded by a rare mutant using an alternative strategy | evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) |
Created by:
moiramcglynn
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