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Micro 3
Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Building larger molecules from small (synthesis) [Requires energy] | Anabolism |
| Catabolism | Breaking down large molecules into small subunits [Releases Energy] |
| Enzymes | – biological catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation (the resistance to a reaction) |
| Catalyst | Speeds up a reaction |
| 1. Enzymes are biological catalysts *Usually Protein* 2. Function by lowering the energy of activation 3. Highly specific to substrate | Catalyst facts |
| Simple enzymes | consist of protein alone |
| Metabolism | Sum of all Chemical reactions in a cell |
| Conjugated enzymes or HOLOENZYMES | contain protein and nonprotein molecules |
| Apoenzyme | protein portion of a conjugated enzyme |
| Cofactors | Non protein portion of a conjugated enzyme |
| Metallic cofactors | iron, copper, magnesium |
| Coenzymes, organic molecules | vitamins |
| induced fit | A temporary enzyme-substrate union occurs when substrate moves into active site |
| Cofactors | act as carriers to assist the enzyme in its activity |
| Synthesis reaction (anabolism) | Dehydration (H2O removed) or condensation |
| Hydrolysis reaction (H2O added) | Breakdown (catabolism) |
| Labile | Chemically unstable enzymes |
| Denaturation | weak bonds that maintain the shape of the apoenzyme are broken |
| Competitive Inhibition | Competitive inhibitor with similar shape attaches to the enzyme preventing the normal substrate to attach.This competitive inhibitor can't make a product.If the Normal substrate beats the competitive inhibitor to the attachment site a product is made. |
| Non competitive inhibition | A regulatory molecule changes the shape of the binding site which prevents the normal substrate from attaching and thus preventing a product. |
| Endergonic | Consume energy |
| Exergonic | Release Energy |
| Energy release is temporarily stored in | high energy phosphate molecules |
| OIL RIG | Oxidation is Lost (Electron) Reduction is Gain (electron) |
| Adenosine Triphosphate ATP | Metabolic currency Three part molecule consisting of: Adenine a nitrogenous base Ribose a 5-carbon sugar 3 phosphate groups Removal of the terminal phosphate releases energy 4ATP utilization and replenishment is a constant cycle in active cells |
| Substrate level phosphorylation:transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP Oxidative phosphorylation:redox reactions occurring during respiratory pathway Photophosphorylation:ATP is formed using the energy of sunlight | Three ways ATP is formed |
| Aerobic respiration | a. 38 atp maximum b. Free O2 is final electron acceptor |
| Anaerobic respiration | a. 2-36 atp produced b. Uses oxygen containing ions as the final electron acceptor |
| Fermentation | a. Various inorganic ions are final electron acceptors |
| Photosynthesis | 1. Light Dependent 2. Light independent |
| Light Dependent | Photons are absorbed by chlorophyll, carotenoid, and phycobilin pigments |
| Light independent | Uses ATP from light reaction to reduce CO2 to make glucose |
Created by:
wiveys
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