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Nursing and Pain

Chronic Exam #1

QuestionAnswer
Physiology of Pain Pain sensing neurons are stimulated and carried by pain fibers to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (Bradykinin rel along with substance P) then transmitted upward via spinothalamic tract to thalamus to cerebral cortex where it is perceived
What are Type A Delta Fibers? Carry rapid, sharp, pricking sensation; quick transmisison; found in skin and muscles; may be localized
What are C fibers? Carry dull, burning, aching sensation; slow transmission; found in muscle, periosteum. viscera; more continuous and constant pain
What is the Closed Gate Theory? synapses in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord act as a gate that opens or closes to allow/ prevent impulses from reaching the brain (small fibers transmit pain and open gate, large fibers close the gate...massage, heat, vibration)
Pain threshold amount of a painful stimulus required to perceive as pain
pain tolerance amount of pain a person is willing to endure
intractable pain not responsive to conventional treatment
psychogenic pain for which no pathologic condition can be found
radiating diffuse pain around the site of origin, not well localized
localized confined to the site of origin
projected pain along a specific nerve(s)
Two types of pain Acute and Chronic
Characteristics of Acute pain short duration(<6months), identifiable onset, often has a useful function, accompanied by sympathetic responses (increased RR, HR, BP)
Characteristics of Chronic Pain longer duration (>6months), persistent and recurrent, no forseeable end, "observable" pain expression often absent
Acute vs. Chronic Pain Acute-physiologic changes, limited lifestyle impact, treatment usually has high success; Chronic- low/no physiologic changes, impacts behavior, cognitive, social roles and lifestyle. treatment is more difficult
Two major types of pain Nocioceptive pain and Neuropathic pain
Nocioceptive Pain normal processing of stimuli that damages normal tissues or has the potential to do so
Neuropathic pain abnormal processing of sensory input by peripheral or central nervous system
Nocioceptive pain arises from 3 major types of structures cutaneous (somatic) skin, deep somatic (bones, ms, joines, conn tissues), visceral (organs)
Cutaneous (somatic) Nocioceptive pain- superficial structures of skin and subcutaneous tissue, well defines, localized
Deep somatic Nocioceptive pain- originate in bone, bl vessels, nerves, ms and other tissues, dull, poorly localized
Visceral Nocioceptive pain- arises from body organs, known for referred pain (distant from site of origin)
referred pain felt in an area distant from the site of origin
2 types of neuropathic pain centrally generated pain, peripherally generated pain
centrally generated pain injury to either peripheral or central nervous system or dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system
peripherally generated pain pain along one or more peripheral nerves
Types of chronic pain Nonmaligant (not cancerous), intermittent (occurs at specific intervals), malignant (may have elements of both acute and chronic)
History of Pain (analysis of a symptom) COLDSPA (character, onset, location, duration, severity, pattern, alleviating factors)
Pain Behaviors facial expression, vocal behavior, aggressive behavior, increase or decrease in body movements, changes in ADLs, irritability, confusion, withdrawn, agitated)
Clinical signs of pain elevation of pulse, BP, RR, dilated pupils, sweating, guarding, muscle rigidity
Non-narcotic analgesics aspirin, acetaminophen (tylenol), NSAIDS (ibuprofen)
Narcotic analgesics opioid agonists (morphine sulfate, MSO4, codeine, hydrocodone), methadone, meperidine, propoxyphene, fentanyl
action of opioid analgesics bind with opiate receptors in CNS to alter the perception of pain
adverse affects of opioid analgesics constipation, nausea and vomiting, respiratory/circulatory depression, urinary retention
action of opioid antagonists blocks opiate receptors, used to treat overdoses (Narcan)
what drug is used to reverse overdoes? Narcan
action of non-opioid analgesics inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
adverse effects of non-opioid analgesics GI upset, GI bleeding, Tinnitus, liver/kidney toxicity
routes of administration oral, rectal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, transdermal/transmucousal, intraspinal, nerve blockers, epidural
methods of administration nurse administered analgesia (scheduled or prn), pt controlled analgesia (PCA), epidural catheters
what drug is in an epidural catheter? duramorph
side effects of epidural catheters resp depression, pruritis, allergic reactions, urinary retention, N/V
Sympathectomy sever pathways of sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
nerve block novocaine (knee)
cordotomy severs spinothalamic portion of anterolateral tract
rhizotomy sever anterior or posterior nerve root bw ganglion and cord (provides pain relief and/or reduces spasticty)
TENS unit (Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation) generate electric current to skin and tissues, adjustable voltage, portable
Acupuncture insert fine needles into skin at specific sites (gate control vs. stimulation od endorphin production)
Hypnosis assisting a pt to induce an altered state of conciousness to increase responsivness to suggestion
guided imagery envision something pleasant, music, aromatherapy
Considerations of analgesic administration med allergies, revious responses to analgesics, other meds being taken, body weight, individual pain experience, body system assessment
% of cancer patients that experience pain 75%
incidence and severity of cancer pain depends on... site, stage, presence, location of metastases
which drug is the gold standard for cancer pain management? morphine sulfate
Principles of opioid use for cancer patients individualize the regimen, use the simplest dosing schedule, least invasise, safest route, avoid IM, ATC dosing provides more stable plasma drug levels
opioid side effects confusion, N/V, constipation, sedation, agitation, anxiety, fatigue, headaches
adjuvant analgesics enhance pain relief in combo with narcotics
NSAIDS work at peripheral receptor sites (ibuprofen, SSRI, corticosteroids)
antidepressants alters serotonin levels and block receptors in spinothalamic tract that transmit pain
anticonvulsants used for NEUROPATHIC pain
anxiolytics (anti-anxiety) xanax, can cause physiologic withdrawal
Created by: waiddancer
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