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Principles of Diseas
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pathology | Study of Disease |
| Pathogens | Disease causing organisms |
| Three focuses of pathology | Etiology- cause of disease, Pathogenies- how disease develops, Structural and Functional changes caused by disease |
| Infection | invasion or colonization of the body/host |
| Disease | infection results in change from a state of health |
| Normal microbiota | reside on host but do not produce disease |
| Transient microbiota | present for days, weeks, or months then disappear |
| Microbial antagonism | prevent overgrowth of harmful microbes |
| Symbiotic Relationships | Commensalism – one organism benefits other is uneffected Cornyeabacterium on surface of eye Mutualism – both organisms benefit E. Coli – synthesize vitamin K and some B vitamins |
| Opportunistic microorganisms | normally don't cause disease in normal habitat |
| Symptoms | change in function Pain or malaise Subjective – non-measurable |
| Signs | objective – measurable changes Swelling, fever, paralysis |
| Syndrome | specific group of signs and symptoms of a particular disease |
| Communicable | spread from one host to another Direct or indirect contact Easily spread considered contagious Ex. Chicken pox, measles, typhoid fever |
| Non communicable | caused by microbes that usually do not cause disease Ex. Clostridium tetani – tetanus Abrasions or wounds |
| Incidence | number of people in population who develop a disease during a particular period Indicates spread of a disease |
| Prevalence | number of people in population who develop a disease at a specific time Regardless of when it first appears Old and new cases Indicates how seriously and how long a disease affects a population |
| Sporadic diseases | occur only occasionally Ex. Typhoid fever, Whooping Cough in US |
| Endemic Diseases | constantly present Common cold |
| Epidemic Diseases | Large number of population acquire disease in short period of time Influenza |
| Pandemic | world-wide epidemic Spanish Flu Swine Flu Avian Flu? |
| Acute disease | develops rapidly, lasting a short period of time Influenza |
| Chronic Disease | develops slowly Possibly less severe reaction but is continual or recurrent Mononucleosis, TB, hepatitis B |
| Latent Disease | causative agent remains inactive for a time then becomes active |
| Predisposing factors | Situation that makes body more susceptiple to a disease or alters the course of the disease |
| Local Infection | isolated to relatively small area of the body Boils and abscesses |
| systemic infections | microbes or their products are spread throughout body Measles, chicken pox |
| Focal infection | systemic infection settling in a specific area of body Teeth, tonsils, sinuses |
| Incubation Period | exposure to first sign/symptom |
| Prodromal period | Early symptoms |
| Period of illness | disease most severe |
| Period of decline | Signs/symptoms disappear |
| Period of Convalenscence | Return to normal |
| Contact transmission | Spread of an agent by direct contact or droplet transmission |
| Direct Contact transmission | person to person transmission Most common – touching, kissing, sexual intercourse |
| indirect contact transmission | transmitted from host by non-living object (fomite) Tissues, towels, bedding, diapers, cups, toys, money |
| Droplet transmission | droplets over short distances (sneezes) |
| Vehicle transmission | transmission by a medium Food and water Air Blood and body fluids Drugs Intravenous fluids |
| Vectors | animals that carry disease from host to host |
| Mechanical transmission | passive transport Organism laying eggs in food Feces - contaminating food and water supplies |
| Biological transmission | active transport Insect bites Living in host - parasite |
| Nosocomial infections | hospital infections |
Created by:
k.h
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