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Genetics Vocab
Topics 4 and 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Allele | An alternate form of gene, for every two alleles you access from your parents you access a trait from each parent |
| Gene | A factor that is inherited and controls specific characteristics |
| Genome | The whole of the genetic information |
| Locus | A specific location of a gene on the chromosomes |
| Dominant Allele | If present at all, then it shows up as a trait |
| Recessive Allele | Shows if dominant allele is not present |
| Diploid | A cell or an organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes, usually one from the father and one from the mother; known as 2n |
| Haploid | A cell or an organism having half of the number of chromosomes as somatic cells |
| Autosomes | Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| Genotype | The genetic up of all living organisms |
| Phenotype | All physical traits displayed |
| Sex Linked Chromosomes | Allele located on a sex chromosome |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Chromosomes that contain the same genes and chromosome loci |
| Sex Chromosomes | Type of chromosome that determines sex characteristics |
| Interphase | The period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions. Also called interkinesis. Compare G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase. |
| Prophase 1 | The first stage of meiosis, constituted by a series of events that include the thickening and coiling of the chromosomes, synapsis of homologous chromosomes, tetrad formation, and crossing over. |
| Metaphase 1 | The stage of meiosis, following prophase and preceding anaphase, during which the chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate. |
| Anaphase 1 | The stage of meiosis in which the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the nuclear spindle. |
| Telophase 1 | The final stage of meiosis during which the chromosomes of daughter cells are grouped in new nuclei. |
| Prophase 2 | Without further replication of chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle apparatus forms. |
| Metaphase 2 | The chromosomes become arranged on the metaphase plate, much as the chromosomes do in mitosis, and are attached to the now fully formed spindle. |
| Anaphase 2 | The centromeres separate and the sister chromatids—now individual chromosomes—move toward the opposite poles of the cell. |
| Telophase 2 | A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis occurs, producing four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes. |
| Chiasmata | a point of overlap of paired chromatids at which fusion and exchange of genetic material take place during prophase of meiosis. |
| Crossing Over | Crossing-Over is another name for the physical exchange or recombination of adjacent non-sister chromatids. When the crossing-over process occurs chromatids break and may be reattached to a different homologous chromosome. |
| Chromosome vs Chromatid | A long and continuous strand of DNA is what a Chromosome is but when two chromatids are united together with a centromere, it produces one chromosome. |
| Bivalents | A pair of homologous chromosomes in synapsis during meiosis. |
| Synapsis | The act of lining up side by side by homologous chromosomes during the meiotic phase of cell division |
| Random Oriantation | Each joined pair of homologous chromosomes lines up on the metaphase plate. The orientation of each pair on the spindle axis is random. |
| Gametes | Gametes are reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction. In humans, male gametes are sperm and female gametes are eggs. Sperm are mobile gametes where eggs are non-mobile but are very large in comparison. |
| Duplicated Chromosome vs Single Chromosome | Singe chromosomes are single linear strands where duplicated chromosomes contain two copies which are joined together by a centromere. |
| Chromosome vs Chromatid Part II | Chromosomes are vectors of heredity or the ones that carries the genes of one organism to the other like the physical appearance and different characteristics while Chromatids are the ones who made possible the replication of these cells. |
Created by:
marshall217
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