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Genetics Vocab
Topics 4 and 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Allele | one specific form of a gene, differing from other alleles by one or a few bases only and occupying the same gene locus as other alleles of the gene |
| Gene | a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic |
| Genome | the whole of the genetic information of an organism |
| Locus | a specific location of a gene on the chromosome |
| Dominant allele | if present at all, then it will show up as a trait |
| Recessive allele | if dominant trait isn't present, you show the recessive trait |
| Diploid | a cell/organism that has 2 sets of chromosomes (one from mom one from dad) during the diploid state haploid numbers are double |
| Haploid | when a cell has only one set of chromosomes |
| Autosomes | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of a living organism |
| Phenotype | the physical traits you display |
| Sex linked trait | if a trait (allele) is located on an x or y it's considered a sex linked trait |
| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that contain the same gene at the same loci |
| Sex chromosomes | type of chromosome that determines sex and sex characteristics |
| Interphase | DNA is replicated and makes a complete copy of its genetic information This phase results in each chromatid having an identical copy, or sister chromatid, attached to it at the centromere Diploid cell It only occurs once because they're already duplicated |
| Prophase 1 | Centromeres move to the poles of the cell and begin to make spindle fibers, which are made of microtubles. Chromosomes coil and become more compact which makes them visible. Homologous chromosomes pair so maternal and paternal chromosomes are next to each |
| Metaphase 1 (diploid cell) | Bivalents line up randomly at the equator (this increases genetic variation in offspring because homologous chromosomes line up randomly at the equator) spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each homologous chromosome, nuclear membrane disintegrates |
| Anaphase 1 (diploid cell) | Spindle fibers pull homologous chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell, so each cell gets one of the two homologous chromosomes; homologous chromosomes are separated which results in independent assortment of genes that are not linked |
| Telophase 1 (haploid cell with duplicated DNA) | Spindle fibers disintegrate, chromosomes uncoil and a new nuclear membrane forms around the two new nuclei, cytokinesis occurs, haploid cell and each chromatid still has its sister chromatin attached, so no S phase |
| Prophase 2 (haploid cell with duplicated DNA) | DNA coils and condenses into visible chromosomes again, new meiotic spindles are produced, haploid cells with duplicated DNA |
| Metaphase 2 (haploid cell with duplicated DNA) | Nuclear membrane disintegrates, the individual chromosomes line up along the equator in no order (genetic variation), spindle fibers attach to each sister chromatid at their centromeres, haploid cells with non-duplicated DNA |
| Anaphase 2 (haploid cell with non-duplicated DNA) | Centromeres of each chromosome split, releasing each sister chromatid as an individual chromosome, spindle fibers pull individual chromatids to opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase 2 (haploid cell with non-duplicated DNA) | Spindle fibers disintegrate, the chromosomes become invisible again as they unwind their strands of DNA, nuclear membrane forms around each of the four haploid cells (readying for cytokinesis). Animal cells- pinch in the middle. Plant cells- cell plates |
| Chiasmata | Point where two homologous non-sister chromatins exchange genetic material during the cross over |
| Crossing Over | the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes |
| Chromosome vs. Chromatid | A chromatid is one copy of a duplicated chromosome, joined by a centromere. A chromosome is your DNA before meiosis has finished |
| Duplicated vs. Non-duplicated chromosome | Non-duplicated chromosomes are single linear strands. Whereas duplicated chromosomes contain two copies joined by a centromere |
| Bivalent | A pair of homologous chromosomes |
| Synapsis | The pairing of two homologous chromosomes. It allows for matching of the chromosomes to take place. |
| Random Orientation | The individual chromosomes line up in no order in Metaphase 2 |
| Gametes | A male or female reproductive cell that contains half the genetic material of the organism |
| Prophase 1 continued | (called bivalents. This process is called synapsis. Homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange |
| Codominant Allele | One that shows dominance with a different allele from a different loci |
| Homozygous | Having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics |
| Heterozygous | Having dissimilar pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic |
| Carrier | A person or other organism who has inherited a genetic trait or mutation but does not display it. They are able to pass this gene on |
| Test Cross | Introduced by Mendel, it involved breeding a dominate trait with a recessive one in order to determine the zygosity of the former |
| Multiple Alleles | There are three or more forms of a gene for a trait |
| Linkage group | All the genes on a single chromosome. They're inherited as a group and during cell division they act as a group instead of individuals |
| Sex linkage | An association between genes in sex chromosomes that makes some characteristics appear more frequently in one sex than another |
Created by:
MadelineCarlman
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