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Fish
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| fish | ancestors of all land animals |
| agnatha | jawless fish that is no longer a taxonomic term |
| 530 million | fish evolved __________ years ago |
| 41 percent | percentage of freshwater fish species |
| 26,000 living species; more than all other vertebrate groups combined | how many living fish species? |
| 800 x more | fish adapted to lived in a medium __________ dense than air |
| salt and water balance | fish can adjust to _____________ of environment |
| 1/20th | gills extract oxygen from water that has ___________ the oxygen of air |
| aquatic | environment both shaped and constrained fishes evolution |
| free-swimming protochordate | fish descended from __________________ ancestors |
| agnathans | earliest fish-like vertebrates include extinct ostracoderms, and living lampreys and hagfishes |
| placoderms | fish with paired appendages and jaws that went extinct in Carboniferous with no living descendants |
| cartilaginous fishes | lost heavy armor and adopted cartilage as skeleton; flourished during some periods, becoming nearly extinct during others |
| bony fish | dominant fishes today |
| ray finned and lobe finned | two distinct lineages of bony fish |
| ray finned bony fish | radiated to form modern bony fishes |
| lobe finned | sister group to tetrapods; include lungfishes and the coelacanth |
| oviparous sharks and rays | lay an egg capsule immediately after fertilization that attaches to kelp with tendrils; may take up to two years before mini adult hatches |
| ovoviviparous sharks | retain fertilized eggs in reproductive system where they are nourished by yolk of egg; "live" birth |
| viviparous sharks | nourish embryos with maternal bloodstream; "live" birth |
| live births | make it more likely more of the young survive but no other care is given after birth |
| trunk and tail muscles | propel fish forward by undulations |
| large, rigid head | minimizes yaw |
| less yaw and a fast fish | created by a very rigid body |
| tail or caudal fin | largest fin is the ___________ for rapid forward movement |
| dorsal fins and anal fins | assist with lateral stability |
| gill covers | operculum |
| pectoral fins | assist with hovering and slow turning |
| pelvic fins | often small for open water swimmers but larger on bottom dwellers which use them for resting on |
| heavier | fish are slightly ___________ than water |
| fatty liver | a shark has a very ____________ that makes it a little buoyant; must also keep swimming to move it forward and angle itself up |
| swim bladder | bottom dwelling fishes lack a ______________ |
| volume of gas | fish an control depth by adjusting ______________ to bladder |
| gulp air | some fish _____________ to fill swim bladder |
| gill filaments | folds of tissue inside the pharyngeal cavity covered by the operculum |
| 85% of O2 from H2O | continuous water flow opposite blood flow through capillaries maximizes gas exchange allowing some fish to remove ________________ |
| ram ventilation | forward movement pushes more water over gills |
| lungfish | use lungs |
| eels | use skin |
| bowfin | use gills at low temperatures and air bladder at higher temperatures |
| electric eel | has degenerate gills and must gulp air |
| searching for food and eating | fish spend most of their time __________________ |
| zooplankton, insect larvae, and other aquatic animals | most carnivores feed on ______________________ |
| swallow food whole | since it would block flow of water across gills, most fish ________________________ although a few have teeth that crack prey or have some molars in throat |
| plants and algae | some herbivores eat ______________________ |
| suspension feeders | eat plankton using gill rakers to strain food; these fish swim in large schools |
| stomach | used for storage |
| intestines | absorb and digest nutrients |
| catadromous | develop in freshwater but spawn in seawater |
| anadromous | living in sea but spawing in freshwater |
Created by:
pace_sauce
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