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ch 4, 5 and 12 vocab
biology 100 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biotechnology | Refers to DNA technology, modern laboratory techniques for studying and manipulating genetic material. Can be used to modify specific genes and move them between different organisms. |
| Recombinant DNA Technology (genetic engineering) | The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. Formed via the combination of nucleotide sequences (pieces of DNA) from two different sources, this creates a single DNA molecule. |
| Gel Electrophoresis | A thin slab of gel made from agarose (carbohydrate polymer) acting as a sieve separating macromolecules on the basis of size, charge, or other physical properties. |
| DNA Fingerprint | Biometric identification obtained by examination of the sequence of DNA base pairs. |
| Restriction Enzymes | Bacterial enzymes used to ‘cut’ DNA. |
| Plasmid DNA | Small, circular DNA molecules (from bacteria) that replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome. The key tool for gene cloning. |
| PCR (polymerase chain reaction) | A technique where a specific segment of a DNA molecule that can be targeted and amplified in a laboratory. Used when the source of DNA is insufficient with the goal of generating billions of copies of a DNA segment. |
| RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) | Variation in length of a restriction fragment. Produced when certain homologous DNA sequences are cut with restriction enzymes. |
| DNA Ligase | An enzyme used to join two DNA molecules through covalent bonds. |
| DNA Polymerase | A large molecular complex that assembles DNA nucleotides into polynucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a template. |
| GMO | An organism with one or more gene acquired through artificial means. |
| Transgenic Organism | When a GMO’s artificially acquired gene(s) are from another organism, typically of a different species. |
| Gene Therapy | Alteration of an individual’s genes for therapeutic purposes. |
| Eugenics | Developed mainly by Francis Galton, the science of improving a human population via controlled breeding to increase desired heritable traits. |
| Vector | A plasmid serving as a gene carrier. |
| Vaccine | A harmless variant of a pathogen used to stimulate the immune system, creating a defense against the pathogen. |
| Genome | A haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete, microorganism, or each cell of a eukaryote. |
| Human Genome Project | Had the goals of determining the nucleotide of all DNA in the human genome and identifying the location and sequence of every gene. |
| Genomic Library | The entire collection of all cloned DNA fragments from a genome. |
| Restriction Site | The DNA sequence recognized by a restriction enzyme. |
| Genetic Clone | Through the use of plasmids, the production of multiple copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA. |
| Telomeres | The repetitive DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. |
| Diffusion | The movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from highly concentrated to less concentrated. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The movement of a substance through a specific transport protein across a membrane down its concentration gradient. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Hypertonic (hyperosmotic) | A solution that causes a cell to lose water. |
| Hypotonic (hypoosmotic) | A solution that causes a cell to absorb water. |
| Isotonic (isoosmotic) | A solution with no effect on the passage of water in or out of a cell. |
| Active Transport | Movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient. Aided by specific transport proteins and energy, usually ATP. |
| Exocytosis | Movement of materials out of the cytoplasm via the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane. |
| Endocytosis | Cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from plasma membrane. |
| Phagocytosis | Cell eats or engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm. |
| Pinocytosis | Cellular drinking or taking fluids or dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles. |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | Movement of molecules into a cell by inward budding of membranous vesicles, containing proteins with receptors specific to molecules being taken in. |
| Hypercholesterolemia | Excess of cholesterol in the bloodstream |
| LDL (low-density lipoprotein) | Cholesterol-carrying particle containing lipids bound to a protein. Transports cholesterol from liver into cell membranes. |
| HDL (high-density lipoprotein) | Cholesterol-carrying particle containing lipids bound to a protein. Scavenges excess cholesterol. |
| Plasmolysis (wilting) | Contraction of the protoplast resulting from loss of water. |
| Turgid | Distended or swollen due to high fluid content. |
| Flaccid | Too much water has been lost or lack of water in a cell causes wilting. |
| Shriveled (crenate) | A process resulting from osmosis where red blood cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage. |
| Normal | In an isotonic solution, the red blood cell’s volume remains constant. |
| Lysis (lyzid) | In a hypertonic solution, a red blood cell shrivels and may die from water loss. |
| Semipermeable (selectively permeable) | Allowing certain substances to pass through it, but not others. |
| Stem Cell | Unspecialized cell that can divide, producing an identical daughter cell and a more specialized daughter cell, which undergoes differentiation. |
| Osmoregulation | Maintenance of solute concentration and balance of water gain and loss. |
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