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Mitosis/Meiosis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three uses for mitosis in Eukaryotes? | Growth, Repair, and Asexual Reproduction. |
| What is the function of meiosis in Eukaryotes? | Sexual Reproduction |
| What is a gamete? | A haploid cell that can fuse with another haploid cell in sexual reproduction. |
| What is a karyotype? | The number and types of chromosomes present. |
| What is a homologous chromosome? | The same type of chromosome, from different parents. |
| What is an allele? | One copy of a gene on one homolog |
| What do the sex chromosomes do? | Determine the sex of the offspring. |
| What are autosomes? | all the chromosomes that do not carry genes determining sex of offspring. |
| What is the cell cycle? | The sequence of chromosomal replication and cellular division of a eukaryotic cell. |
| What are the three key cell-cycle events? | Replication, Separation, and Growth |
| What happens in the replication phase of the cell cycle? | Hereditary material is replicated. |
| What happens in the separation phase of the cell cycle? | Separation of the copied chromosomes into two daughter cells. |
| What happens in the growth phase of the cell cycle? | Growth of cell and cell organelles. |
| What happens in Prophase? | The replicated chromosomes condense, mitotic spindles form. |
| What are sister chromatids. | paired strands of replicated chromosomes that are attached at a centromere. |
| What happens in prometaphase? | The nuclear envelope begins to break down. Microtubules attach from each end of the mitotic spindles to the sister chromatids at the kinetochores. Each chromosome has two kinetochores, both located near the centromere. |
| What happens in metaphase? | Microtubule organizing centers (centrosomes) have finished moving to opposite poles of the cell. Chromosomes are lined up along the middle plane of the cell, the metaphase plate. |
| What happens in Anaphase? | Splitting of the centromeres. Separation of the sister chromatids. Shortening of microtubules, pulling chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. This step assures that each daughter cell will receive the same compliment of chromosomes. |
| What happens in Telophase? | Nuclear envelope starts to form around each set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindles disintegrate. Chromosomes condense. Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm is divided and now have two daughter cells. |
| What is meiosis? | The division of diploid cells to form haploid, reproductive cells. |
| What is reductive division? | When 1 cell is split into four cells, each daughter cell with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Cells need to go through two cell divisions to do this. |
| What happens in Meiosis 1? | A parent cell is divided into two daughter cells, each with different genetic material. |
| What happens in Prophase 1? | Homologous pairs of sister chromatids joined as tetrads. Crossing over occurs. |
| How does meiosis increase genetic diversity? 1 | In Prophase 1, the crossing over of non-sister chromatids (often multiple cross-overs between the same chromatids) ensures that the genetic material in each of the daughter cells is different. |
| What is the chiasma? | The position where non-sister chromatids are still linked to one another. |
| How does meiosis increase genetic diversity? 2 | In Metaphase 1, homologs line up randomly with respect to the side of the metaphase plate. The number of possible arrangements is 2^n, with n being the number of chromosome types. |
| What is the end product of Meiosis I? | Two daugher cells each with the same amount of genetic information as the parent, but in a scrambled order. |
| What happens in Meiosis II? | Daughter cells divide again, leaving four daughter cells with each only have one copy of each chromosome. |
| What is the third way that genetic diversity is increased? | Fertilization. |
| What is the purifying selection hypothesis? | If a gene is damaged, it will be inherited by all of the offspring of an asexual individual. While only half of the offspring of a sexual individual will have it. Purifying selection should over time steadily reduce the numerical advantage of asexual |
| What is the changing environment hypothesis? | If environmental conditions change, parents may be poorly adapted. But the genetically different offspring of sexual individuals may have acquired alleles in different combinations that give them an advantage. |
Created by:
lewisk20
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