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Herp2014TXSTATE
Lab Practical 2
| Name the Three Orders | Squamata, Crocodylia, Testudinata |
| Families in Crocodylia | Crocodylidae, Alligatoridae, Gavialidae |
| Families in Testudinata | Dermochelyidae, Cheloniidae, Trionychidae, Testudinidae, Emydidae, Chelydridae, Kinosternidae |
| Families in Squamata | Agamidae Anguidae Anniellidae Chamaeleonidae Crotaphytidae Gekkonidae Helodermatidae Iguanidae Phrynosomatidae Polychridae Scincidae Teiidae Varanidae |
| Crocodylidae | Order Crocodylia 4th tooth visible, narrow snout |
| Alligatoridae | Order Crocodylia 4th tooth not visable, broad snout |
| Gavialidae | Order Crocodylia Small, Narrow mouth |
| Dermochelyidae | Order Testudinata oar-like limbs (flippers); lack claws; leathery shell |
| Cheloniidae | Order Testudinata oar-like limbs (flippers); have claws; bony shell with horny shields |
| Trionychidae | Order Testudinata extensively webbed toes; leathery shell without scutes and with flexible edges; elongated snout (proboscis); flattened appearance; three claws on front and back feet; long neck |
| Testudinidae | Order Testudinata forefeet adapted for digging, elephantine hind legs; hard shell with rigid edges; plastron with 12 scutes (shields); top of head covered by scales (shields); high and rounded carapace |
| Emydidae | Order Testudinata hard shell with rigid edges; plastron with 12 scutes (shields); top of head anteriorly covered with skin |
| Chelydridae | Order Testudinata hard shell with rigid edges; plastron with less than 11 scutes (shields); posterior margin of shell strongly serrated; short bridge; long tail |
| Kinosternidae | Order Testudinata hard shell with rigid edges; plastron with 11 scutes (shields); posterior margin of shell smooth; long bridge |
| Agamidae | Order Squamata |
| Anguidae | Order Squamata prominent lateral fold of skin with small scales (distinctly smaller than either dorsal or ventral scales) |
| Anniellidae | Order Squamata limbless; does not have a prominent lateral fold of skin |
| Chamaeleonidae | Order Squamata Large eyes, zygodactyl feet |
| Crotaphytidae | Order Squamata femoral pores present; rostral scale not divided; interparietal scale small, without projecting ridge on head; no scales projecting over ear opening; no toes with a prominent fringe of scales Head proportionally large compared to body |
| Gekkonidae | Order Squamata moveable eyelids present; head scales approximately equal in size; head longer than neck; small size (less than 20cm TL); does not have toe pads |
| Helodermatidae | Order Squamata moveable eyelids present; head scales approximately equal in size; dorsal scales bead-like; ventral scales squarish |
| Iguanidae | Order Squamata moveable eyelids present; head scales unequal in size; ventral scales not quadrangular or in distinct rows; marginal teeth pleurodont; toepads not expanded; femoral pores present; middorsal scale row enlarged OR rostral scale divided |
| Phrynosomatidae | Order Squamata rostral scale not divided; EITHER – interparietal scale large OR no ear opening OR interparietal scale small but with projecting ridge on head OR scales projecting over ear opening and some toes with a prominent fringe of scales |
| Polychridae | Order Squamata moveable eyelids present; head scales unequal in size; ventral scales not quadrangular or in distinct rows; marginal teeth pleurodont; expanded toepads; large dewlap (throat fan) |
| Scincidae | Order Squamata cylindrical body; scales relatively large, shiny, approximately equal size; scales usually smooth, some species have scales with multiple keels |
| Teiidae | Order Squamata moveable eyelids present; head scales unequal in size; ventral scales quadrangular and in distinct rows; has several enlarged preanal scales |
| Varanidae | Order Squamata moveable eyelids present; head scales approximately equal in size; neck as long or longer than head; large size |
| Alligator mississippiensis | Order Crocodylia 4th tooth not visible, broad snout |
| Caretta caretta | Order Testudinata Family Cheloniidae two pairs of prefrontals between eyes; nuchal scute in contact with first costal scutes; three enlarged inframarginal scutes on bridge |
| Chelydra serpentina | Order Testudinata Family Chelydridae single row of marginal scutes; two rows of large scales underneath tail; one series of tubercles on top of tail; throughout Texas |
| Macrochelys temminckii | Order Testudinata Family Chelydridae double row of marginal scutes; many small scales underneath tail; three series of tubercles on top of tail; prominent dorsal keels |
| Chrysemys picta | Order Testudinata Family Emydidae carapace scutes are smooth; often with a line down the middle of vertebral scutes |
| Graptemys pseudogeographica | Order Testudinata Family Emydidae often a raised ridge down the middle of vertebral scutes (dorsal keel) crescent behind eye |
| Graptemys versa | Order Testudinata Family Emydidae often a raised ridge down the middle of vertebral scutes (dorsal keel) yellow or orange J-shaped line extending backwards from eye; oval mark on chin and near bottom of mouth |
| Malaclemys terrapin | Order Testudinata Family Emydidae head and limbs spotted; well-defined concentric rings on carapace scutes |
| Pseudemys texana | Order Testudinata Family Emydidae underside of jaw flattened |
| Terrapene carolina | Order Testudinata Family Emydidae terrestrial; plastron with one transverse hinge. high domed shell; variable color pattern |
| Terrapene ornata | Order Testudinata Family Emydidae terrestrial; plastron with one transverse hinge. – high shell flattened on top; lines or rows of spots radiating down from top of shell |
| Trachemys scripta | Order Testudinata Family Emydidae underside of jaw rounded; prominent patch of red or yellow on each side of head |
| Kinosternon flavescens | Order Testudinata Family Kinosternidae triangular pectoral scute; two hinges 9th marginal scute higher than the 8th |
| Kinosternon subrubrum | Order Testudinata Family Kinosternidae triangular pectoral scute; two hinges 8th and 9th marginal scute are the same height |
| Sternotherus carinatus | Order Testudinata Family Kinosternidae four-sided pectoral scute; one hinge carapace strongly keeled; head with dark spots on pale background; small or absent gular shield |
| Sternotherus odoratus | Order Testudinata Family Kinosternidae four-sided pectoral scute; one hinge well developed gular shield; head with two pale stripes on dark background; carapace without or weakly keeled |
| Gopherus berlandieri | Order Testudinata Family Testudinidae no other tortoises in Texas; gular scutes can be greatly elongated; primarily feed on herbaceous material; |
| Gerrhonotus infernalis | Order Squamata Family Anguidae large, plate-like scales; nasal scales separated from rostral scale; median postrostral scale present |
| Ophisaurus attenuatus | Order Squamata Family Anguidae limbless (often mistaken for snakes, but have external ear openings, eyelids, and a more rigid body because of osetoderms) |
| Crotaphytus collaris | Order Squamata Family Crotaphytidae one or two black bands across neck |
| Crotaphytus reticulatus | Order Squamata Family Crotaphytidae no black bands across neck |
| Coleonyx brevis | Order Squamata Family Gekkonidae banding pronounced as juvenile and becomes more mottled as an adult |
| Cophosaurus texanus | Order Squamata |
| Holbrookia lacerata | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae black spots on ventral side of tail |
| Holbrookia propinqua | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae no black spots on ventral side of tail, scales keeled |
| Phrynosoma cornutum | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae two rows of enlarged scales on each side |
| Phrynosoma hernandesi | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae one row of enlarged scales on each side |
| Phrynosoma modestum | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae without a row of enlarged scales on each side |
| Sceloporus consobrinus | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae thigh scales large, keeled, and overlapping, posterior surface of thigh with dark bar |
| Sceloporus cyanogenys | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae broad black collar, tail dimly banded, strong hints of blue |
| Sceloporus merriami | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae lateral body scales small, not overlapping, rudimentary gular fold |
| Sceloporus olivaceus | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae thigh scales large, keeled, and overlapping, posterior surface of thigh immaculate |
| Sceloporus poinsettii | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae broad black collar, tail distinctly black and white banded |
| Urosaurus ornatus | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae |
| Uta stansburiana | Order Squamata Family Phrynosomatidae |
| Anolis carolinensis | Order Squamata Family Polychridae – round tail; pink dewlap without outline; color varies from green to brown |
| Eumeces (Plestiodon) fasciatus | Order Squamata Family Sincidae – variable color, juveniles and females striped, males often brown with orange head; 4 labial scales anterior to subocular; 2 enlarged postlabial scales |
| Eumeces (Plestiodon) laticeps | Order Squamata Family Sincidae variable color, juveniles and females striped, males often brown with orange head; 5 labial scales anterior to subocular; no enlarged postlabial scales |
| Eumeces (Plestiodon) obsoletus | Order Squamata Family Sincidae lateral scales not parallel to dorsal rows (oblique instead of rows); tan to gray |
| Eumeces (Plestiodon) septentrionalis | Order Squamata Family Sincidae postnasal scales absent; two postmental scales; pair of pale dorsolateral lines on each side of body that terminate on tail and are outlined |
| Eumeces (Plestiodon) tetragrammus | Order Squamata Family Sincidae postnasal scales absent; pair of pale lines on head; pair of pale dorsolateral lines on each side of body that terminate at forelimbs or hindlimbs |
| Scincella lateralis | Order Squamata Family Sincidae small, brownish lizard with dark dorsolateral stripe |
| Cnemidophorus (Aspidoscelis) exsanguis | Order Squamata Family Teiidae 6 light stripes, spots in the dark fields between stripes and on stripes, supraorbital semicircles normal, scales anterior to gular fold enlarged, forearm scales enlarged, 62-86 granules |
| Cnemidophorus (Aspidoscelis) gularis | Order Squamata Family Teiidae 7-8 stripes, prominent spots in dark fields, supraorbital semicircles normal, scales anterior to gular fold enlarged, enlarged forearm scales, 76-93 granules |
| Cnemidophorus (Aspidoscelis) inornatus | Order Squamata Family Teiidae 7 light stripes, no spots, supraorbital semicircles normal, scales anterior to gular fold enlarged, enlarged forearm scales, 55-71 granules |
| Cnemidophorus (Aspidoscelis) marmoratus | Order Squamata Family Teiidae 4 to 8 stripes that are often broken and reticulated, transverse bars and spots in dark fields, supraorbital semicircles long, scales anterior to gular fold enlarged, forearm scales not enlarged, 74-114 granules |
| Cnemidophorus (Aspidoscelis) sexlineatus | Order Squamata Family Teiidae 6 light stripes, no spots, supraorbital semicircles normal, scales anterior to gular fold enlarged, forearm scales slightly enlarged 89-110 granules |
| Cnemidophorus (Aspidoscelis) tesselatus | Order Squamata Family Teiidae variable checkered pattern, supraorbital semicircles long, scales anterior to gular fold enlarged, no enlarged scales on forearm, 81-112 granules; parthenoform |
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