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A&P Chpts.11-14
A&P Chpts. 11-14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the nervous system? | 1) Receive information from the internal and external environment. 2) Process the information. 3) Process a response |
| What are the components of the CNS? PNS? | CNS- Brain and spinal cord PNS-Nerves, sensory receptors, ganglia, plexuses |
| where do the brain and spinal cord join? | Foramen magnum in the occipital bone. |
| Sensory receptors | Receive information from the internal or external environment. They are found at the end of neurons, or in specialized cells. |
| Nerves | Bundles of neuron axons surrounded by connective tissue that transmits information to the CNS, and away from the CNS |
| Ganglion | A mass of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS |
| Plexus | A large network of axons usually outside the CNS (the exception being the Choroid plexus) |
| How many cranial nerves are there? Spinal nerves? | Cranial Nerves= 12 pair, Spinal Nerves= 31 pair |
| Define dorsal and ventral. | Dorsal=Posterior, Ventral=Anterior |
| What is the functional unit of the nervous system? | neuron |
| Why is the rough ER in Nissl substance so densely covered with ribosomes? | Because of the extensive protein production by the neuron cell, many ribosomes are required. Recall that ribosomes are the site of protein translation. Ribosomes translate mRNA into a chain of amino acids that, upon further modification, are proteins. |
| Which directions do axons and dendrites send information? | The axons of neurons send information. The dendrites of neurons receive information. |
| Axon hillock | point between cell body and axon where action potential is generated |
| axoplasm | cytoplasm in axon. Lots of cytoskeleton proteins that acts as “tracks” to transport vesicles along the length of the axon, |
| axolemma | plasma membrane surrounding the axon |
| presynaptic terminal | terminal end of an axon |
| synaptic gap | space between neuron’s axon and another neuron/effector cell, |
| post synaptic terminal | receives signal sent through synaptic gap. |
| What are 2 ways information is relayed from one neuron to another neuron/effector cell? | 1) Electrical signals (action potential) and 2) Chemical signals (i.e. neurotransmitter) |
| Multipolar | Most CNS and motor neurons, |
| Bipolar | found in some sensory organs (i.e. retina, nasal cavity) |
| Pseudo unipolar | Dorsal root ganglion |
| What are the neuroglia of the CNS | Astrocytes, Ependymal, Oligodendrite, and Microglia |
| Astrocytes | Attach to neurons, blood vessels, and pia mater to form a protective blood barrier |
| Ependymal | line ventricles of the brain and spinal cords central canal, also forms choroid plexus. The ependymal cells of the choroid plexus secrete cerebrospinal fluid and dilated ependymal cell move the CSF through the brains ventricles/ spinal cords central canal |
| Oligodendrite | Forms a myelin sheath around an axon |
| Microglia | Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign bodies |
| What is pia mater? | One of three protective layers that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| What is the meninges? | Meninges is comprised of dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. |
| What are the neuroglia of the PNS? | Schwann Cell-cell wrapped around axon of PNS neuron the produces the myelin sheath. This increases rate of signal transmission by allowing the signal to pass through the Node of Ranvier |
| What is grey matter? Found? | matter is comprised of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and their associated synapses F- in the central area of the spinal cord and surrounded by white matter. In the brain, grey matter makes up the outer cortex and inner nuclei |
| What is White matter? Found? | is comprised of myelinated axons. It is the myelin sheath that gives white matter its color. F- White matter is deeper in the brain. Grey matter is also found in the PNS ganglion |
| What 2 cell characteristics create electrical properties? | 1) The Na+/K+ Pump . 2) Permeability of plasma membrane |
| What area of the body do the dorsal rami innervate? | supply motor and sensory innervation to the back of the trun |
| What area of the body do the ventral rami innvervate? | supply motor and sensory innervation to the front of the trunk, and also to the limbs. |
| What are the sympathetic chain ganglia? | This is a longitudinal series of ganglia that lie adjacent to both sides of the vertebral column from the cervical to the coccygeal level. They are interconnected by longitudinal nerve cords |
| List the major nerves of the brachial plexus | Musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, axillary nerve, radial nerve |
| What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome? | condition whereby symptoms are produced by compression of nerves and/or blood vessels in the upper chest. The passageway for these nerves and blood vessels to exit the chest and supply the upper extremities is referred to as the thoracic outlet. ETC. |
| List the major nerves of the lumbar and sacral plexus | Genitofemoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, femoral nerve |
| Where does the term cauda equina come from? | Because of the resemblance of nerves coming from the sacral foramina to a horse’s tail |
| Name 2 structures the pia mater forms. | Filium terminale and denticulate ligament. |
| What keeps arachnoid mater pressed against dura mater? What is a subdural space, and what causes it? | Pressure from CSF. Subdural space is a space that is created when the dura mater and arachnoid mater separate. It can be caused by loss of CSF, (seen in cadavers) or by a traumatic brain injury that causes blood to fill the area between the two. |
| What are 2 tissues the dura mater merges with and where they are found? | Endosteum and epinurium. |
| Compare the stretch reflex with the golgi tendon reflex. | Stretch reflex contracts in response to a stretching force. Golgi tendon reflex prevents excessive stretch/tension and causes one to let-go before damage occurs. |
| Where are stretch receptors located? Golgi tendon receptors? | Stretch receptors-muscle spindles/Golgi tendon receptors-tendons |
| What is a dermatome map? | Area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves |
| Describe how a shingles/herpes virus shuttles through a human host and avoids detection by the immune system. | |
| Brainstem areas & function | midbrain (visual reflex, auditory pathway), pons (communication center between cerebrum and cerebellum, reflexes such as breathing) medulla oblongata (refexes such as swallowing, vomiting) |
| Cerebellum areas & function | motor skill memory, balance |
| Diencephalon areas & function | thalamus (regulates mood and movement), subthalamus (contains nuclei- grey matter), epithalamus (olfactory stimulation, pineal gland), hypothalamus (regulates endocrine functions) |
| Cerebrum areas & function | Limbic system (mood, smell memory), Basal nuclei (posture, muscle activity) |
| Other than a video game character, what is Sonic Hedgehog? | A gene that controls (among other things), the formation of the neural tube during embryonic development. |
| What 2 cranial nerve pair arises from the cerebrum? | Cranial nerves I and II. Nerves III-XII merge with the brainstem. |
| Name the 12 pair of cranial nerves and an associated function for each. | |
| Describe the embryonic development of the CNS. | |
| What is perception? | Interpretation of stimulus/sensation, can vary between individuals & can be affected by personal experience, an individual’s own “brain wiring”& even varying concentrations of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin |
| Differentiate between general senses and specialized senses. | General senses are distributed over a wide area. Signal transmission occurs via primary receptors. Specialized senses are localized usually within specialized organs. Signals are transmitted via secondary receptors. |
| mechanoreceptor | responds to mechanical stimulation such as pressure, sound, touch, movement |
| nocireceptor | responds to pain and extreme stimulus such as extreme pressure, heat or cold, and acid |
| chemoreceptor | responds to chemicals(taste, smell) |
| photoreceptor | responds to light, |
| thermoreceptor | responds to temperature (cold, warm) |
| primary receptor | stimulus that intacts with receptors reaches a threshold. Once reached, sodium channels open up, membrane becomes depolarized & action potential is initiated. |
| secondary receptor | receptor is stimulated & releases neurotransmitters which then cause sodium gates to open & initiate action potential |
| what is the “umami” receptor? | A taste receptor “discovered” around 2005 that detects savoriness. This taste is associated with meats and also MSG. Umami is Japanese for, “deliciousness”. |
| Give an example of accommodation/adaptation response. | Putting on clothes and no longer being aware of the sensation of the material as the day goes on. Getting used to an offensive smell, etc. |
| Name 4 ascending nerve tracts | Spinothalamic tract, Medial-lemniscal System, Trigeminothalamic tract, spinocerebellar system |
| What is, Homunculus? | Depicts the relative space human body parts occupy in the somatic sensory cortex |
| At a cellular level how does tolerance and withdrawal occur when cells are exposed to certain drugs | Cells compensate for addition exposure to chemicals by up regulation which is created of more receptors to catch the chemicals. Withdrawal occurs when chemical is taken away and now receptors are naked waiting for chemical. |
| What is a blood brain barrier | Highly selective permeable barrier that separates the circulating blood from brains extra cellular fluid. |
| Free nerve endings | scattered, can be found on skin, responds to temperature and pain |
| Merkels disk | found in basal (lower) epidermis, light touch and light pressure |
| Hair follicle receptors | found around hair follicle, responds to light touch, |
| Pacinian corpuscles | found in dermis/hypodermis, reponds to deep pressure |
| Meissner Corpuscles | found on skin, many more on tongue and finger tips, detects texture, two-point discrimination |
| Ruffini End Organ | Found primarily on fingertips,responds to continuous touch or pressure |
| Muscle spindles | found in muscles, responds to control and tone of muscle |
| Golgi tendon organ | found in tendons, responds to increasing contractions or passive stretching |
| What are the 8 types of general senses | Free nerve endings, Merkels disk, hair follicle receptors, pacinian corpuscles, messier corpuscles, Ruffin end organ, muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organ |
Created by:
Khuller
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