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AMS EQ Ch. 19
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Stress | forces per unit area that act on a material-compression, tension, and shear |
| Strain | deformation of materials in response to stress |
| Elastic Deformation | causes materials to bend and stretch; proportional to stress, so if the stress is reduced or returns to zero the strain or deformation is reduced or disappears Example: rubber band; it will go back to original shape |
| Plastic Deformation | permanent deformation caused by strain when stress exceeds a certain value Example: plastic grocery bag when stretched; it won’t go back to original shape |
| Fault | fracture or system of fractures in Earth's crust that occurs when stress is applied too quickly or stress is too great |
| Seismic Wave | the vibrations of the ground during an earthquake |
| Primary Wave | seismic wave that squeezes and pushes rocks in the same direction that the wave travels, known as a P-wave |
| Secondary Wave | seismic wave that causes rock particles to move at right angles to the direction of the wave, known as an S-wave |
| Focus | point of the initial fault rupture where an earthquake originates that usually lies at least several kilometers beneath Earth's surface |
| Epicenter | point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake |
| Seismometer | instrument used to measure horizontal or vertical motion during an earthquake |
| Seismogram | record produced by a seismometer that can provide individual tracking of each type of seismic wave |
| Richter scale | numerical rating system used to measure the amount of energy released during an earthquake |
| Magnitude | measure of the energy released during an earthquake, which can be described using the Richter scale |
| Amplitude | the size of the seismic waves; an increase of 1 in the scale represents an increase in amplitude of a factor of 10 |
| Soil Liquefaction | process associated with seismic vibrations that occur in area of sand that is nearly saturated; results in the ground behaving like a liquid |
| Tsunami | large, powerful ocean wave generated by the vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake; in shallow water, can form huge, fast-moving breakers exceeding 30 m in height that can damage coastal areas |
| Seismic gap | place along an active fault that has not experienced an earthquake for a long time |
| Modified Mercalli Scale | measures earthquake intensity on a scale from I to XII (1-12); the higher the number, the greater the damage the earthquake has caused |
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