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AP Bio Chapter 51
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Behavior | What an animal does and how it does it |
| Ethology | A research field that tries t understand how animals behave in their natural habitats |
| Fixed Action Pattern(FAP) | A sequence of behavioral patterns that is essentially unchanged and usually carried to completion once initiated |
| Sign Stimulus | Triggers a FAP and is usually some feature of another species |
| Behavioral Ecology | The expectation that animals increase their Darwinian fitness by optimal behavior |
| Search Image | A set of key characteristics that will lead an animal to a desired object |
| Optimal Foraging | The concept that natural selection will favor animals that choose foraging strategies that maximize the differential between benefits and cost |
| Learning | The modification of behavior from specific experience |
| Maturation | Changing of behavior because of ongoing developmental changes in neuromuscular system |
| Habituation | Type of learning that involves a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information |
| Imprinting | Learning that is limited to a certain time period in an animal's life and is generally irrevesable |
| Critical Period | Time when imprinting can take place |
| Associative learning | The ability of animals to associate one stimulus with another |
| Classical conditioning | Learn to associate an arbitrary stimulus with a reward or punishment |
| Operant conditioning | Trial and error learning |
| Play | Behavior that has no apparent external goal but involves movement closely associated with goal-directed behaviors |
| Cognition | The ability to perceive, process, and store information |
| Cognitive Ethology | The study of animal cognition |
| Cognitive maps | Internal representations, or codes, of the spatial relationships among objects in their surroundings |
| Kinesis | Simple change in an activity rate due to a stimulus |
| Taxis | More or less automated movement towards or away from a stimulus |
| Migration | Regular movement over relatively long distances |
| Sociobiology | Evolutionary theory as a basis for study and interpretation of social behavior |
| Agnostic behavior | A contest involving both threatening and sunmissive behavior to determine which competitor gain access to a resource, such as food or a mate |
| Ritual | The use of symbolic activity |
| Dominance Hierarchy | A clear "pecking order" |
| Parental Investment | Time and resources an individual must expend to produce offspring |
| Lek | A small area inhabited by males (birds and insects) |
| Promiscuous | No strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships |
| Monogogamous | One mate |
| Polygamous | Multiple mates |
| Polygyny | One male with many female mates |
| Polyandry | A single female with several male mates |
| Pheromones | Odors emit chemical signals |
| Inclusive fitness | Passing genes to offspring |
| Coefficient of relatedness | Quantitative measure of inclusive fitness |
| Kin selection | Increasing inclusive fitness |
| Reciprocal Altruism | Aided individuals return favors in the future |
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