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APES 3rd Quarter Voc
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nonrenewable vs. Renewable energy | Nonrenewable resource are those natural resources that cannot be replaced once they are used up.Renewable resources are those resources that can be replaced as they are used up. |
| Fossil fuel forms and uses | Oil, coal, and natural gas. Used for energy, fuel, and others such as plastic. |
| OPEC | Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an oil cartel whose mission is to coordinate the policies of the oil-producing countries. The goal is to secure a steady income to the member states and to secure supply of oil to the consumers. 1960. |
| Three Mile Island Case Study | The Three Mile Island accident was a nuclear meltdown which occurred in one of the two Three Mile Island nuclear reactors in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States, on March 28, 1979.worst accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history. |
| Energy conservation | Refers to ways to reduce energy use. |
| Hybrid cars | Uses two or more different kinds of power. Such as electricity, batteries, and fuel |
| Passive solar energy | Windows, walls, etc that are Designed to collect sunlight to heat up homes and other buildings. Usually during winter |
| Photovoltaic cells | Aka solar cell. Used to convert the energy of the sun into electricity |
| Wind power | Using the wind to generate energy. Such as windmills |
| Geothermal energy | Using the earth's ground heat to generate energy |
| Advantages of renewables | It won't run out. Generally cleaner. And long term economic benefits |
| Disadvantages of renewables | Can't generate as much as traditional fossil fuel generators. And reliability of resupplying. |
| Individual actions to reduce energy use. | Recycling, reusing, energy efficient items |
| Surface mining techniques | Strip mining, mountain top removal, open pit mining |
| Nuclear fusion | nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei collide at a very high speed and join to form a new type of atomic nucleus |
| Energy efficiency | managing and restraining the growth in energy consumption. Something is more energy efficient if it delivers more services for the same energy input, or the same services for less energy input. |
| Green roofs | roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. |
| Active solar energy | Involves the converting of solar energy into electricity |
| Hydropower | Involves the use of water to create electricity |
| Biomass energy sources | Plants such as a tree. And animal waste |
| Fuel cells | a cell producing an electric current directly from a chemical reaction. |
| Fracking | the forcing open of fissures in subterranean rocks by introducing liquid at high pressure, esp. to extract oil or gas. |
| Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) | the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States. |
| Consequences of rise in oil prices | Changes in the way we use our money. Economic problems |
| How to get electricity from coal | Grounded into dust, then burned. Remains fall into an ash system where it's sent to be used as other things such a concrete. Gas enters in exhaust stacks and leaves into the atmosphere.the burning of coal turns water into steam which spins a turbine |
| Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill. | 20 April 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect. It claimed eleven lives. considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. sea-floor oil gusher flowed for 87 days. capped on 15 July 2010. |
| Biodiesel | Diesel alternative that are derived from plants. |
| Carbon capture. | The process of trapping carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels or any other chemical or biological process and storing it in such a way that it is unable to affect the atmosphere. |
| Primary air pollutants | primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source |
| Secondary air pollutants | secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere. |
| Carbon oxides | Dioxide- respiratory. Monoxide- gas emissions |
| Nitrogen oxides | Nitrogen Oxides are a family of poisonous, highly reactive gases. These gases form when fuel is burned at high temperatures |
| Sulfur dioxide | a colorless pungent toxic gas formed by burning sulfur in air. |
| Acid deposition | Acid deposition is a general name for a number of phenomena, namely acid rain, acid fog and acid mist. This means it can imply both wet and dry (gaseous) precipitation. |
| Particulate matter | Or particle pollution is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. |
| Ground level ozone | ground level ozone is a harmful air pollutant that affects all of us. It's formed when emissions from everyday items combine with other pollutants and “cook” in the heat and sunlight. |
| VOCs | Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary room temperature |
| Photochemical smog | air pollution containing ozone and other reactive chemical compounds formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, especially those in automobile exhaust. |
| Temperature inversion | thin layer of the atmosphere where the normal decrease in temperature with height switches to the temperature increasing with height. Inversion acts like a lid, keeping normal convective overturning of the atmosphere from penetrating through the inversion |
| Indoor air pollutant | refers to chemical, biological and physical contamination of indoor air. It may result in adverse health effects. |
| Clean Air Acts | United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It requires the Environmental Protection Agency to develop and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants known to be hazardous to human health. |
| Greenhouse effect | the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface. |
| Stratosphere ozone depletion | The main chemicals that are depleting stratospheric ozone are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are used in refrigerators, aerosols, and as cleaners in many industries, and halons which are used in fire extinguishers. |
| CFCs | compounds of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine, typically gases used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants.harmful to the ozone layer in the earth's atmosphere owing to the release of chlorine atoms upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation. |
| Groundwater | water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock. |
| Dam and reservoir | Dam controls the water. Reservoirs are use to store water |
| Case study: Colorado River | Site of major man made structures that provides electricity for many people. |
| Case study: Three Gorges Dam | Largest hydroelectric plant. Resulted in many consequences but also some benefits. |
| Desalination | process of creating fresh water by removing saline (salt) from bodies of salt water. |
| Ways to conserve water | Don't let water running, install a rain barrel, quick showers, etc. |
| Point source pollution | water pollution that comes from a single, discrete place, typically a pipe |
| No point source pollution | polluted runoff that drains into our streams, rivers, lakes and estuaries. |
| Major water pollutants | Sewers, septic tanks, drainpipes, fertilizer, pesticides, industrial, etc. |
| Cultural eutrophication | Eutrophication is a naturally occurring, slow, and inevitable process. However, when it is accelerated by human activity and water pollution, it can lead to the premature aging and death of a body of water. |
| Primary sewage treatment | involves the physical separation of suspended solids from the wastewater flow using primary clarifiers. |
| Secondary sewage treatment | process consists of removing or reducing contaminants or growths that are left in the wastewater from the primary treatment process. |
| Water borne diseases | caused by pathogenic microorganisms that most commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of food thus infected. |
| How to maintain water quality | Clean faucets and other household items that makes water. Drink cold water, use filters. |
| Clean water act | primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution.[1] Passed in 1972, the act established the goals of eliminating releases of high amounts of toxic substances into water |
| Bio-indicators of pollution | Lichens, worms gives us ideas of the health of the environment |
| Individual actions to reduce solid waste | Avoid single use items. Buy in bulk. Buy only what you need. Borrow. Etc. |
| The 3 R's | Reduce, reuse, recycle |
| The love canal | And city on a toxic landfill that lead to problems. |
| Bioplastics | a type of biodegradable plastic derived from biological substances rather than from petroleum. |
| Incinerators | an apparatus for burning waste material, esp. industrial waste, at high temperatures until it is reduced to ash. |
| Environmental justice | first and more common usage describes a social movement in the United States whose focus is on the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens. Second, it is an interdisciplinary body of social science literature |
| Source reduction | Source reduction is activities designed to reduce the volume or toxicity of waste generated, including the design and manufacture of products with minimum toxic content, minimum volume of material, and/or a longer useful life |
| Municipal solid waste | Common items we throw away everyday |
| Hazardous waste | Harmful waste that can lead to problems. Toxic. Batteries etc. |
| Waste reduction | reduces the amount and/or toxicity of chemical wastes that must be shipped off-site for disposal as hazardous waste.national policy specifically mandated by the U.S. Congress in the national hazardous waste law, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
| Sanitary landfills | sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe. |
| Leachate | water that has percolated through a solid and leached out some of the constituents. |
| Integrated waste management | Employing several waste control and disposal methods such as source reduction, recycling, re-use, incineration, and land filling, to minimize the environmental impact of commercial and industrial waste streams. |
| Closed loop recycling | Production system in which the waste or byproduct of one process or product is used in making another product. For example, recycling waste newspaper to make paper-board or other types of paper |
| Materials recovery facility | specialized plant that receives, separates and prepares recyclable materials for marketing to end-user manufacturers. |
| Hazardous waste disposal methods | Treatment of waste, minimize the use of it, reusing or recycling it. Etc |
| Brownfields | a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination. |
| Bio mimicry | the design and production of materials, structures, and systems that are modeled on biological entities and processes. |
| RCRA | Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), enacted in 1976, is the principal federal law in the United States governing the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste. |
| Nuclear fission | Splitting of 2 atoms, creating energy in the form of heat |
| Chernobyl case study | The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, which was under the direct jurisdiction of the central authorities of the Soviet Union |
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