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Cell Cycle/ Genetics
| Gregor Mendel | first to accurately describe rules of inheritance |
| P generation | parents you start with, usually homozygous |
| dominant | an allele that is expressed whenever it is present |
| recessive | an allele that is masked whenever the dominant allele is present, expressed when two recessive allele are present |
| genotype | specific genes for a particular trait |
| phenotype | physical appearance of the gene |
| punnet square | graphic way to predict possible outcomes of a cross |
| homozygous | 2 identical alleles ex. AA |
| heterozygous | 2 different alleles ex. Aa |
| genotype ratio | number of offspring with the same genotype |
| phenotype ratio | number of offspring with the same physical appearance |
| dihybrid cross | experimental cross usually involving parents that are homozygous for two different traits |
| incomplete dominance | heterozygote has intermediate phenotype ex. wavy hair intermediate of straight and curly |
| female | XX |
| male | XY |
| sex-linked traits | genes located on one of the gametes (usually the X since it is bigger than the Y) |
| zygote | fusion of an egg and sperm cell |
| cell division | done when a cell splits into two daughter cells, also called cell reproduction |
| Humans have ___ chromosomes | 46 or 23 pairs |
| chromatin | fibers of equal parts DNA and protein molecules, not visible until cell division |
| cell cycle | sequence of events that extend from a cell being formed to it's on division |
| phases of cell division | interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis |
| interphase | part of cell division where replication occurs; Happens in 3 parts G1, S (synthesis), and G2 |
| G1 | cell grows and organelles duplicate |
| S (synthesis) | DNA replicates |
| G2 | cell makes protein needed for mitosis |
| mitosis | when the cell divides into two daughter cells happens in 4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| Prophase | nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles appear and start to spread to opposite poles, chromatids appear and are attached to centromeres |
| metaphase | chromatids line up in center of the cell still attached to centromeres |
| anaphase | chromatids divide at centromere and pull apart to opposite poles |
| telophase | nuclear membrane reforms around chromatids, centrioles and spindle fibers dissolve |
| cytokinesis | the cell divides resulting in two daughter cells |
| cell cycle control system | Regulates the cell cycle at various check points during interphase to make sure the cell is ready to divide, if checkpoints aren't passed cell will not divide |
| G1 checkpoint | makes sure the cell is large enough to divide |
| S checkpoint | makes sure DNA is properly replicate |
| metaphase/anaphase checkpoint | in between the metaphase and anaphase, chromatids must be attached to spindles |
| contact inhibition | cells stop dividing when it touches another cell |
| cancer | cells that do not respond to the cell cycle control system, they lack contact inhibition and just keep dividing, can move to other locations in the body |
| tumors | abnormally growing cell masses |
| growth factor | simulates cells to divide |
| mutation | change in the DNA, may be caused by error during synthesis or a mutagen |
| benign tumors | abnormal cells at original site that may or my not be cancerous |
| metastasis | spread of cancer cells beyond their original site through the circulatory or lymphatic system |
| malignant tumors | can spread to other parts of the body |
| carcinogen | something that causes cancer |
| mutagen | causes a mutation |
| meiosis | reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid same as mitosis but with repeating stages, and shuffles chromosomes |
| homologous chromosomes | a pair of chromosomes that contain the same gene for the same trait, may contain different versions of the same gene |
| life cycle | all the reproductive events that occur from one generation to the next |
| somatic cells | body cells that are diploid |
| Meiosis 1 | separates the homologous pairs into 2 separate cells, same four stages as mitosis |
| Meiosis 2 | divides the sister chromatids into 4 haploid cells, same four stages as mitosis |
| synapsis | occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis, the homologous pairs line up resulting in a tetrad |
| nondisjunction | failure of homologous pairs to properly separate during meiosis, results in gamete having on too many or one too few chromosomes, most nondisjunction are not survivable |
| amniocentesis | at 15-18 weeks gestation cells are drawn from the amniotic sac and cultured, stained, and examined, to check for any chromosomal disorders |
| trisomy | 3 copies of the same chromosome |
| monosomy | one copy of a chromosome |
| tri-21 | trisomy of chromosome 21, known as down syndrome |
| turner syndrome | one copy of female sex chromosome |
| klinefelter syndrome | 2 copies of the female sex chromosome and one copy of the male sex chromosome |
Created by:
geneen23
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