Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Stack #152170
pharm ch 11, kilgore lvl1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anesthetics | drugs that depress the central nervous system (CNS) |
| effects of anesthetics | -depression of consciousness -loss of responsiveness -muscle relaxation |
| anesthesia | a state of depressed CNS activity |
| General anesthesia | type of anesthetics that affects entire body (puts you to sleep) |
| Local anesthesia | type of anesthetic that only affects the part of body being worked on -general conscience |
| balanced anesthesia | combination of anesthetic drugs |
| effects of general anesthetics | -pain relief -depression of consciousness -skeletal muscle relaxation -reflex reduction |
| Inhaled anesthetics | volatile liquids or gases that are vaporized in O2 and inhaled |
| inhaled gas | nitrous oxide- (laughing gas) |
| Inhaled volatile liquids | -enfulrane (Ethrane) -halothane (Fluothane) -isoflurane (Forane) -methoxyflurane (Penthrane) -others |
| Injectable anesthetics | administered intravenously |
| effects of injectable anesthetics | -induce or maintain general anesthesia -induce amnesia -used as adjunct to inhalation-type anesthetics |
| Type of injectable anesthetics | etomidate (Amidate) ketamine (Ketalar) methohexital (Brevital)* propofol (Ciprivan)* thiamylal (Surital) thiopental (Pentothal)* * may also be used as adjunctive drugs at lower dosages |
| sedative-hypnotics | -used as adjunctive drugs -barbiturates (secobarbital, thiopental) -benxodiazepines (Diazepam, midazolam) |
| opioids (narcotics) | used as adjuctive drugs -morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil |
| NMBAs (neuromuscular blocking drugs/agents | used as adjunctive drug to relax skeletal muscles depolarizing and nondepolarizing drugs |
| Depolarizing drugs | type of NMBAs -succinylcholine |
| Nondepolarizing drugs | type of NMBAs -pancuronium, d-tubocurarine, vecuronium |
| anticholinergics | used as adjunctive drug -atropine, glycopyrrolate, scopolamine |
| Overton-Meyer theory | anesthetics have high lipid soluability and therefore have a high potency |
| How anesthetics work | -orderly and systematic reduction of sensory and motor CNS functions =progressive depression of cerebral and spinal cord functions |
| Effects of general anesthetics | -unconsciousness -skeletal muscular relaxation -visceral smooth muscle relation -rapid onset and quickly metabolized |
| Adverse effects (AEs) of anesthetics | -vary btwn different drugs -esp watch for Malignant hyperthermia- idiopathic |
| malignant hyperthermia- idiopathic | a severe AE of anesthetics that: -occurs during or after general anesthesia -sudden elevation in body temp over 104 F -tachypnea, tachycardia, muscle rigidity -life-threatening emergency |
| Local anesthetics/regional anesthetics | -renders a specific portion of body insensitive to pain -interferes w/ nerve impulse transmission to specific areas of body -do not cause loss of consciousness |
| Topical anesthetics | applied directly to skin or mucous membranes |
| Parenteral anesthetics | injected IV or into the CNS by various spinal injection techniques (Epidural) |
| Spinal or intraspinal anesthetics | type of local anesthesia |
| Intrathecal | anesthetics injected into the spinal cord (spinal tap) |
| Epidural | type of local anesthetic |
| Nerve block | type of local anesthetic injected diretly into the nerve area (Dental work) |
| Lidocaine (Xylocaine) | parenteral anesthetic drug that is a blocker and is injected |
| steps to paralysis via anesthetics | -autonomic activity is lost -pain and other sensory functions are lost -motor activity is lost last wears off in reverse order |
| surgical, dental, diagnostic procedures, treatment of certain types of chronic pain | what local anesthetics are used for |
| inflitration anesthesia & Nerve block anesthesia | types/routes of local anesthetics given |
| infiltration anesthesia | used in/for: -minor surgical and dental proceduress -injection ID, subcut, or submucosally across the path of nerves supplying the target area -may be given in a circular pattern around the operative area |
| Nerve block anesthesia | -can cause problems if too high concentration in body -injected directly into or around the nerve trunks of nerve ganglia that supply the target area |
| Major AEs of infiltration and Nerve block anesthesia | "spinal headache" and epidural blood patch |
| Uses of NMBAs | -to prevent nerve transmission, resulting in paralysis -used with anesthetics during surgery |
| Special considerations for NMBAs when used during surgery | -cause paralysis of respiratory and skeletal muscles -client unable to breathe w/o mechanical respiration -does not cause sedation or pain relief -client may be paralyzed AND conscious |
| types of NMBAs-nondepolarizing drugs | -short acting (mivacurium-Maacacron) -intermediate acting (atracurium-Tracrium, vecuronoim-Norcuron, rocuronium-Zemuron) -long acting (pancuronium-Pavulon, doxacurium-Nuromax, d-Tubocurarine-dTC) |
| Succinylcholine | NMBA- depolarizing drug |
| function of Succinylcholine | -similar to ACh in causing depolarization -slower metabolism than ACH, repolarization cannot occur while present -causes flaccid muscle paralysis |
| function of nondepolarizing NMBAs | -prevent ACh from acting at neuromuscular junctions -muscle fibers are not stimulated bc nerve cell membrane is not depolarized -skeletal muscle contraction does not occur |
| sequential effects of NMBAs | -muscle weakness initially followed by total flaccid paralysis -small, rapidly moving muscles 1st affected -then larger muscles -finally intercostal muscles and diaphragm are affected resulting in cessation of respiration |
| main uses of NMBAs | -maintaining controlled ventilation during surgical procedures -endotracheal intubation (short acting) -reduction of muscle contraction in target area -diagnostic drugs for myasthenia gravis |
| AEs of NMBAs | Serious: -Hypotension (blockade of autonomic ganglia -Tachycardia (Blockade of muscarinic receptors -Hypotension (release of histamine |
| Overdose of NMBAs symptoms | -Cardiovascular collapse -conscious sedation, moderate sedation, procedural sedation, a semi-conscious effect |
| Moderate sedation (conscious sedation, procedural sedation) | used for diagnostic/minor surgical procedures that do not require deep anesthesia -recovery time better than gen. anesthesia -greater safety profile than gen. anesthesia -client may have no memory of experience |
| vital assessment during pre-, intra- and postoperative phases | -vital signs -baseline labwork, ECG -Pulse oximeter (PO2) -ABCs -all body systems |
| what to watch for during recovery | cardiovascular depression, respiratory depression and Major complications of anesthesia |
| propofol | -IV general anesthetic drug -used in ICU and other critical care settings for induction and maintenacne of anesthesia/sedation |
| succinylcholine | -only depolarizing NMBA available -ultra-short-acting, but is more slowly metabolized than ACh -adjunct to general anestehsia for flaccid paralysis of muscle -stimulates motor endplate to ongoing depolarizing, repolarization cannot occur and muscles ca |
| vecuronium | -intermediate-acting NONdepolarizing NMBA -adjunct to gen. anesthesia -most useful in procedures requiring mechanical ventilation |
Created by:
gfcfnina
Popular Nursing sets