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Bio 240 lecture
Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| carotenoids | An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokary- otes, By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis. |
| xanthophylls | are the typical yellow pigments of leaves. These are oxygenated carotenoids that are synthesized within the plastids. Xanthophylls do not require light for synthesis, so that xanthophylls are present in all young leaves as well as in etiolated leaves. |
| fucoxanthin | is a xanthophyll, with formula C42H58O6. It is found as an accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of brown algae and most other heterokonts, giving them a brown or olive-green color. |
| phycobilins | meaning "alga", and from Latin: bilis meaning "bile") are light-capturing bilanes found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae, glaucophytes and some cryptomonads (though not in green algae and higher plants). |
| phycoerythrin | phycoerythrin (PE), like all phycobiliproteins, is composed of a protein part covalently binding chromophores called phycobilins |
| thylakoids | A nattened membra- nous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids exist in an interconnected system in the chloroplast and contain the molecular"machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants, con· sisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by <). glycosidic linkages. |
| tinsel flagella | The flagellum which consists of lateral hair-like projections along its length |
| alginic acid | Is an anionic polysaccharide distributed widely in the cell walls of brown algae, where through binding with water it forms a viscous gum. |
| carageenan | Are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red edible seaweeds. They are widely used in the food industry, for their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties |
| dichotomous branching | The branches form as a result of an equal division of a terminal bud into two equal branches that are not derived from axillary buds, although axillary buds are present elsewhere on the plant body. |
| vascular tissue | Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body. |
| phytoplankton | Are the autotrophic components of the plankton community. |
| gametic meiosis | Gametes are the only haploid phase; formed by meiosis • Majority of the life cycle is in the diploid phase |
| zygotic meiosis | Zygote is the only diploid phase; gametes formed by mitosis • Majority of the life cycle is in the haploid phase |
| sporic meiosis | Life cycle with both multicellular haploid and diploid generations; gametes formed by mitosis |
| alternation of generations | Is a term primarily used to describe the life cycle of plants |
| dessication | is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. A desiccant is a hygroscopic (attracts and holds water) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container. |
| mutagenesis | is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed in a stable manner, resulting in a mutation. |
| littoral zone | In a lake, the shallow, well-lit waters close to shore. |
| multicellularity | Having or consisting of many cells |
| double fertilization | A mechanism of fertiliza- tion in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gameto· phyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm. |
| heterokont | are a major line of eukaryotes[3] currently containing more than 100,000 known species. |
| heterothallic | with two bodies producing the gametes (unisexual), a male body and a female body |
| heterosporic | Producing two kinds of spores unlike each other. |
| heteromorphic | Referring to a condition in the life cycle of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology. |
| homothallic | one body produces both types of gametes (bisexual) |
| homosporous | Referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual ga- mctophyte. |
| isomorphic | Referring to alternating genera- tions in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, al- though they differ in chromosome number. |
| gamete | A haploid reproductive cell. such as an egg or sperm. They unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
| gametangia | a structure that produces the gametes |
| gametophyte | the haploid, gamete-producing body |
| spore | -Fungi disperse and reproduce by forming spores. – Spores are produced either sexually or asexually. |
| sporangia | A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop. |
| sporophyte | the diploid, spore-producing body. The multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that d.'velop into gametophytes. |
| sporophylls | A modified leaf that bears sporangia and hence is specialized for reproduction. |
| antheridia | (plural) in plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. |
| archegonia | (plural) In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. |
| oogonia | A cell that divides mitotically to form oocytes. |
| phycoplast | a set of microtubules oriented parallel to the plane of the new cell wall and involved in wall formation |
| phragmoplast | a set of microtubules oriented perpendicular to the plane of the new cell wall and involved in wall formation |
| open spindle | the nuclear membrane breaks down in prophase of nuclear division |
| closed spindle | the nuclear membrane is persistent during nuclear division |
| fertilization | (1) The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote. (2) The addition of mineral nutrients to the soil. |
| glycolate oxidase | Glycolate oxidase, a peroxisomal flavoenzyme, generates glyoxylate at the expense of oxygen |
| zygote | The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization a fertilized egg. |
| embryo | Newly developed young sporophtyte |
| cuticle | A waxy covering on thc surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaption that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants, |
| stomata | (plural) A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant. |
| capsule | (I) A sticky layer thai surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces. (2} The sporangium of a bryophyte (moss, liverwort, or hornwort}. |
| sorus | A cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll Sori may be arranged in various patterns, such as parallel lines or dots, which are useful in fern identification. |
| rhizome | Is a modified subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. |
| mega- vs. micro | female vs male |
| ovule | a structure that develops in the plant ovary and contains the female gametophyte (an unfertilized seed) |
| ovary | a region of the flower containing ovules |
| integument | layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure ofan ovuleofaseed plant. |
| monoecious | of a plant or invertebrate animal) having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual; hermaphrodite. |
| dioecious | In plant biology, having the male and female reproductive parts on different individuals of the same species. |
| deciduous | falling off or shed seasonally or at a certain stage of development in the life cycle |
| evergreen | is a plant that has leaves in all four seasons, always green. |
| stamen | 3rd whorl: – male reproductive organs for pollen production |
| anther | In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen. where pollen grains contain- ing sperm-producing male gametophytes form. |
| stigma | for pollen collection |
| style | elevates stigma for efficient pollen collection |
| pollen | In seed plants, a structure con- sisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall |
| pollination | the transfer of pollen from where it is produced (anthers) to where it is functionally needed (stigma). |
| sepal | A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens. |
| calyx | 1st whorl: sepals forming this |
| petal | A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals arc the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators. |
| corolla | 2nd whorl: petals forming this. |
| endosperm | In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tis- sue formed by the union ofa sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. The endosperm provides nourishment to the de- veloping embryo in angiosperm seeds. |
| seed coat | A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule. In a flowering plant, the seed coat eneloses and protects the embryo and endosperm, |
| protandry | male matures first |
| protogyny | female matures first |
| indehiscent | remaining closed at maturity |
| dehiscent | is the splitting at maturity along a built-in line of weakness in a plant structure in order to release its contents, and is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. |
| gemma | is a single cell, or a mass of cells, or a modified bud of tissue, that detaches from the parent and develops into a new individual. This type of asexual reproduction is referred to as fragmentation. |
| carpel | 4th whorl: carpels – female reproductive organs for seed productionAngiosperms differ from Gymnosperms in forming their seeds enclosed in layers of tissue forming this. |
| outbreeding | breed from parents not closely related |
| hyphae | The vegetative bodies of most fungi are constructed of tiny filaments |
| spindle fibers | are aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division. |
| mycelium | hyphae that form an interwoven mat |
| mycorrizae | fungus (basidiomycete, ascomycetes or glomeromycetes) + roots of vascular plants or rhizoids of non-vascular plants -example of mutualism |
| pseudopodium | (plural) A cellular extension of amoe-boid cells used in moving and feeding. |
| plasmodium | A single mass of cytoplasm con- taining many diploid nuclei that forms during the life cycle of some slime molds. |
| extracellular digestion | The breakdown of food in compartments that arc continuous with the outside of an animal's body. |
| endophyte | Many fungi live inside plants and animals as this. A fungus that lives inside a leafor other plant part without causing harm to the plant. |
| Heterosporous | All seed plants are this. Referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores. which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which de- velop into female gametophytes. |
| Pollen | male gametophytes |
| Seed | a multi-layered propagule containing an embryo and stored nutrients |
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