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LIFE 103- Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| angiosperm phylum | athrophyta |
| what pollinator- bilateral | animal |
| what pollinator- radial | more likely to be wind |
| what pollinator- white flower | nocturnal |
| corpse flower | largest unbranched flower in the world; smells like rotting flesh to attract beetles and flies |
| wolffia arrhizia | smallest plant in the world |
| four types of modified leaves | stamen, carpel, pedal, sepal |
| angiosperm female gametophyte aka | embryo sac |
| complete flower | all 4 types of modified leaves |
| perfect flower | has both male and female parts |
| ____ is ____, but ____ is not necessarily _______ | complete is perfect, but perfect is not necessarily complete |
| two mechanisms to prevent selfing | gametophytic self incompatibility; heterostyly |
| when do plants self more often? | when the environment is more consistent |
| gametophytic self incompatibility | (to prevent selfing)-> protein expression prevents pollen tube from growing |
| heterostyly | (to prevent selfing)-> styles of different lengths |
| exterior of pollen is composed largely of | sporopollenin |
| pollen and lakes | can be found at the bottom (can see how environment changes over time) |
| the opening of the ovule for male gametophyte | micropyle |
| double fertilization | the pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into female gametophyte |
| cotyledons | first leaves of a seed |
| hypogeal cotyledons | stay below ground, do not photosynthesize (storage) |
| epigeal cotyledons | photosynthesize above ground |
| fruit definition | consists of a mature ovary, and can contain other flower parts (like sepals); can be fleshy or dry |
| simple fruits | ripened single or compound ovary w/in a single carpel |
| achene | dry; strawberry |
| legume | dry; bean |
| samara | dry; maple |
| nut | dry; acorn |
| fibrous drupe | dry; walnut |
| berry | fleshy; simple; grapes/tomatoes |
| drupe | fleshy; simple; peaches |
| aggregate | fleshy; single flower w/ multiple carpels; raspberry (each knob is a separate carpel) |
| multiple fruits | fleshy; flowers grow together into one single entity; pineapple |
| which fruit is in close association w/ nitrogen fixing bacteria? | legumes |
| aspergillus flavus | fungus to which peanuts are susceptible that can cause heart attacks and liver cancer |
| drupe structure | fleshy exocarp and mesocarp; hard endocarp (pit) |
| bananas are what kind of fruit? | berry |
| inflorescence | cluster of flowers; each flower becomes a fruit (all fruits merge into one mass); figs=example |
| how many cotyledons do gymnosperms have? | 2-24 |
| two cotyledons | eudicots (true dicots) |
| one cotyledon | monocot |
| basal angiosperms | less derived (older); water lilies, star anise, some magnoliids |
| magnoliids | magnolias, laurels, black pepper (more closely related to monocots/dicots than basal angiosperms) |
| monocots | 1/4 of angiosperms; flowers come in multiples of 3; parallel leaf veins |
| palms | largest inflorescence of any plant (flowers once, then dies) |
| Poaceae | grasses |
| orchids are ____ symmetric | bilaterally |
| ___ are more than 2/3 of angiosperms | eudicots |
| there are more ___ symmetric flowers than _____... why? | bilaterally because they attract more specific pollinators |
| wheat, rise, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes yield ____ of humans | 80% of calories consumed |
| _____% of Earth's species will be extinct in the next 100-200 years | 50% |
| three functions of roots | anchoring, absorbing minerals and water, storing organic nutrients |
| absorption of water and minerals occurs near the ___ | root hairs |
| three types of roots | taproots, adventitious roots, fibrous roots |
| prop roots | add structural support (aerial)- found on palm trees because they are monocots |
| strangling roots | grow around objects, supporting the plant (commensalism, can lead to parasitism) |
| pneumatophores | roots that rise up in the air (for gas exchange)- mangroves |
| buttress roots | like rocket fins (support large trees in poor soil) |
| storage roots | tap roots, lateral roots |
| haustorial roots | parasitic plants- absorb water and nutrients from other plants |
| climbing root | supports climbing plants; negatively phototropic to go into crevices |
| axillary bud | can form a lateral shoot or branch |
| apical bud | (aka terminal bud) located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot |
| apical dominance | growth usually occurs at apical buds; dormancy in most non apical buds |
| corm | short under group storage system (type of STEM) |
| rhizome | horizontal stem, usually underground, sends out roots and shoots (ginger) |
| stolon | horizontal stem; at the ground surface or just underground; produces clone at the end of the stem (strawberries) |
| bulbs | underground stems (modified LEAVES); storage; garlic/onion |
| petiole | joins the leaf to a node of the stem |
| bracts | associated w/ the reproductive structure; brightly colored (type of modified leaf) |
| tendrils | (modified leaf) used for attaching or climbing; thigmotropic (curls around an object) |
| spines | (modified leaf) used for defense |
| thorns | (modified stem) |
| prickles | (modified epidermis); roses |
| storage leaves | can store water, nutrients, toxins |
| succulents | have storage leaves; cacti, ice plants, agave |
| three types of plant tissue | dermal, ground, vascular |
| epidermis | (dermal tissue) distal-most tissue in non-woody plants |
| cuticle | (dermal tissue) waxy coating that prevents water loss |
| periderm | (dermal tissue) in woody plants; protective tissues |
| trichomes | (dermal tissue) outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help w/ insect defense (hair-like) |
| xylem | water and dissolved minerals (up to the shoots) |
| phloem | nutrients from source to sink (*not necessarily the opposite path of the xylem) |
| stele | in the root; the vascular cylinder |
| pith | ground tissue interval to vascular tissue (not found in roots) |
| cortex | ground tissue external to the vascular tissue |
| ground tissue purpose | storage, support, and photosynthesis |
| where are carnivorous plants found? | poor soils (lacks nitrogen); like bogs and swamps |
| how do venus fly traps work? | two hairs triggered; chemical released that makes outside cells take up water, leaf closes |
| sundews | (carnivorous plant); sticky ends cling to insect, enzymes digest it |
| pitcher plants | (carnivorous plant); nectar at bottom; hairs face down so animals can't escape |
| bladder worts | flat in water, puff up when triggered, pulls water (and animal) in |
| three types of ground tissue | parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma |
| parenchyma cells | most metabolic functions; large central vacuole, no secondary walls; retain ability to divide and differentiate |
| collenchyma cells | support young parts of the plant shoot (celery strings); flexible to not restrain growth; no secondary walls |
| sclerenchyma cells | rigid because because of thick secondary walls; dead at functional maturity; |
| two types of sclerenchyma cells | sclereids, fibers |
| two types of xylem | tracheids, vessel elements |
| tracheids | (xylem); tubular, elongated, dead |
| vessel elements | (xylem); larger diameter, shorter than tracheids |
| three types of phloem cells | sieve tube elements, sieve plants, companion cells |
| sieve tube elements | (phloem); alive; lack organelles |
| sieve plants | (phloem); the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube |
| companion cells | (phloem); one for each sieve-tube element (nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells) |
| indeterminate vs determinate growth | indeterminate= height/roots; determinate= leaf size |
| biennials | require two growing seasons; don't seed the 1st year |
| meristems | perpetually embryonic tissue (maintains indeterminate growth); like stem cells |
| primary growth | occurs when apical meristems elongate shoots and roots |
| secondary growth | add girth |
| lateral meristems | add thickness to woody plants |
| two types of lateral meristems | vascular cambium, cork cambium |
| vascular cambium | (secondary growth) adds layers of vascular tissue (secondary xylem and phloem) |
| cork cambium | (secondary growth) replaces the epidermis with periderm (which is thicker and tougher) |
| early vs late wood | thin cell walls to maximize water delivery; thick walled cells and support |
| heartwood | no longer can transport water and minerals |
| sapwood | still transports minerals through xylem (not phloem) |
| homeotic genes | genes that give positional information to the cells |
| the cell's final position determines | what kind of cell it will become |
| meristem identity genes | switching flowering "on" |
| vernalization | winter cold -> summer warm |
| organ identity genes | regulate the development of floral pattern |
| MADS box genes | mutation in an organ identity gene that can cause abnormal floral development |
| ABC model | identifies how floral organ identity genes direct the formation of the four types of floral organs |
| ABC model: A gene | sepals |
| ABC model: A+B gene | petals |
| ABC model: B+C gene | stamens |
| ABC model: C gene | carpels |
| a lot oxygen uptake is in | the roots |
| leaf area index | total upper leaf surface:surface area of land on which it grows |
| self-pruning | if a leaf isn't getting enough light, the tree cuts nutrients to it |
| between branches, leaves rotate ____ degrees for maximal sunlight absorption | 137.5 |
| heliotropic | moving in relation to the sun |
| diaheliotropism | following the sun |
| paraheliotropism | avoiding the sun- water stress adaptation |
| proton pump | creates electrical gradient |
| osmosis | movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient; affected by solute concentration and pressure |
| water potential | a measurement that combines solute concentration and pressure *flows from higher to lower |
| water potential is abbreviated as ____ and is measured in ____ | psi; megapascals |
| solute potential | proportional to the number of dissolved molecules (aka osmotic potential) |
| pressure potential | physical pressure on a solution |
| turgor pressure | pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall |
| if solute is dissolved in water, the solute potential | goes down |
| plasmolysis | cell membrane pulls away from cell wall (put cell into a high solute solution) |
| vacuole | large organelle that occupies up to 90% of the volume |
| plasmodesmata | the structure with which neighboring cells are connected |
| symplast | cytoplasmic continuum |
| apoplast | the continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces |
| transmembrane route | out of cell, across cell wall, into another cell |
| endodermis | innermost layer of cells in the root cortex (checkpoint for selective passage of minerals into vascular tissue) |
| casparian strip | blocks transfer from apoplastic route into vascular cylinder |
| transpiration | the evaporation of water from a plant's surface |
| root pressure | minerals into vascular cylinder, water follows |
| guttation | the exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves because of root pressure |
| transpiration-cohesion theory | cohesion of water to each other and adhesion to cell walls (small surface area of tubes) |
| stomates account for ___% of water loss | 95% |
| Crassulacean Acid Metabolism | xerophytes; stomata open at night, CO2 stored as malate, stomata closed during the day |
| phloem sap | aqueous solution high in sucrose |
| sugar source | an organ that is a net producer of sugar |
| sugar sink | an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar |
| transfer cells | modified companion cells that enhance solute movement between apoplast and symplast |
| electrical signaling through the phloem | movement of macromolecules and RNA via plasmodesmata (doesn't happen in animals) |
| stoma are usually found | on the bottom of leaves (less water stress) |
| roots in monocots vs eudicots | monocots have a larger vascular cylinder |
| three types of soil | clay, silt, sand (smallest to larges particle size) |
| humus | decaying organic material |
| how to cations stay in soil during percolation? | they adhere to negatively charged soil particles |
| cation exchange | cations displaced from soil particles by other cations (to be taken up by plant roots) |
| primary two elements in acid rain | Sulfur and Nitrogen |
| what helped with acid rain (2)? | Clean Air Act, catalytic converter |
| why did forests not bounce back after clean air act? | Ca and Mg were in particulate matter; increase in cars; soil needed time to improve |
| primary source of irrigation water | aquifers |
| subsidence | settling or sinking of land due to depletion of aquifers |
| salinization | concentration of salts in soil as water evaporates (drip irrigation can help with this) |
| fertilization (soil) | replaces mineral nutrients that have been lost from the soil |
| organic fertilizer down side | increased chance of spreading disease |
| commercial fertilizer down side | make greenhouse gas, require energy to make |
| monoculture farms have ____ based soil food webs | bacteria |
| natural systems and organic farms have ____ based soil food webs | fungal |
| contour farming | follows topology of the surface (GPS has helped with this) |
| ways to prevent erosion (4) | windbreaks, terracing hillside crops, contour, no-till agriculture |
| plant macronutrients (9) | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, magnesium |
| plant micronutrients (8) | chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, molybdenum |
| rhizosphere | the layer of soil bound to the plant's roots |
| rhizobacteria | free-living (not symbiotic), but use nutrients from roots, can enter roots |
| 5 ways rhizobacteria help roots | hormones, antibiotics, toxic metal absorption, nutrient availability, probiotics |
| nitrification | bacteria that convert NH3 into NO3- |
| bacteriods | vesicles found in roots that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria (mutualistic relationship) |
| fragmentation | separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants |
| apomixis | asexual production of seeds from a diploid or haploid cell |
| nonrecurrent apomixis | haploid gametophyte-> haploid individual (can't reproduce) |
| recurrent apomixis | no meiosis (diploid organism) |
| adventive embryony | embryo arises from integument or other sporocyte cells |
| vegetative apomixis | flower replaced by a bulbil |
| Saharan Cypress | male pollen gives rise to seeds w/out female interaction |
| asexual reproduction aka | vegetative reproduction |
| callus | a mass of dividing undifferentiated cells that forms when a stem is cut and produces adventitious roots |
| grafting | twig or bud placed on a closely related species |
| two parts of a graft | stock=root system; scion=grafted onto the stock |
| transgenic | genetically modified to express a gene from another organism |
| plant biotechnology (general definition) | innovations in the use of plants to make useful products |
| plant biotechnology (specific definition) | use of GM organisms in agriculture and industry |
| Golden ride | developed to address vitamin A deficiencies |
| bacillus thuringiensis | protein that kills insects inserted into crops (cry gene) |
| three pros of biofuels | carbon neutrality, dependence on foreign oil, fewer pollutants |
| two cons of biofuels | removes agriculture from food production, can use more fossil fuels to produce |
| etoliation | adaptations for growing in darkness |
| de-etoiliation | upon exposure to light, shoots and roots grow |
| three steps of signaling | reception, transduction, response |
| light and ____ lead to de-etoiliation | Ca2+ |
| auxin | any chemical that promotes elongation of coleoptiles |
| most common auxin | IAA |
| auxin transporter proteins | move hormone down the plant |
| acid growth hypothesis | auxin stimulates proton pumps in plasma membrane, lowers pH in the cell wall, activates expansins |
| cytokinins | stimulate cytokinesis |
| two ways apical dominance is controlled | auxins and cytokinins |
| two hormones that function in cell elongation | auxins and brassinosteroids |
| gibberellins three functions | stem elongation, fruit growth, germination |
| gibberellins used in what fruit? | grapes |
| brassinosteroids | induce cell elongation and division in stem segments |
| abscisic acid | slows growth/seed dormancy (winter or drought) |
| ethylene gas | stresses-> mechanical, senescence (apoptosis), leaf abscission, ripening |
| ethylene triple response | slowing stem elongation, thickening of stem, grows sideways |
| photomorphogenesis | effects of light on plant morphology |
| action spectrum | response to different wavelengths |
| plants curve in response to ____ light | blue |
| phytochrome conversion | marks sunrise and sunset w/ info from environmental cues |
| photoperiod | the relative lengths of night and day |
| photoperiodism | a physiological response to photoperiod |
| long night plants | minimum amont of darkness to flower |
| short night plants | maximum amount of darkness to flower |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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