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Bio concepts 2
chapter 40 basic principles of animal form and function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomy | study of biological form or structure of organisms |
| physiology | study of biological functions that organisms perform to live. shows that form and function are closely correlated and interdependent. |
| adaptations | anatomical(form),physiological(function), behavioral(actions) |
| How does size and shape affect how animal interacts with and it adapted to its environment? | predators larger than prey, fish streamlined. ,any different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by inherited genome(tube-tube, bilateral symmetry, cephalization). |
| the ability an organism has to preform a certain action depends on what? | form, size and environment. |
| evolutionary convergence | reflects independent adaptations to similar environmental pressures |
| What imposes limits on an animal size and shape? | physical laws (gravity, friction, heat) |
| The animals size and shape directly affects how it exchanges what 2 things with its environment? | energy and materials |
| exchange | occurs as substances dissolved in water diffuse and/or are transported across cell's plasma membrane. |
| plasma membrane of single celled, aquatic protist is different because... | it has sufficient surface area for a cell to exchange cell wastes for needed substances.as a cells surface area doubles the volume triples. |
| Animals with simple sac like design has what? | body walls only 2 cells thick, facilitating exchange of materials. |
| Animals with a tube in a tube design has what? | evolved specialized tissues and organs for exchange of materials. |
| aquatic animals with a tube in a tube design have what specialized tissues? | body surface, mouth lining, gut lining. gills. kidney |
| tetrapods with a tube in a tube design have what specialized tissues? | gut lining, lungs, kidneys. |
| As the volume of the cell increases 3x | cell surface doubles.therefore the "bottleneck" process is used for the diffusion of molecules entering and leaving the cell. |
| highly specialized cells in lungs | small air filled sacs (alveoli) |
| Highly specialized cells in kidneys | long, coiled tubules |
| highly specialized cells in blood vessels | fine, thin-walled capillaries |
| highly specialized cells in intestinal lining | folding and cells with microvilli |
| animals life support problems | absorption, transport, and removal |
| in animals the space next to cells are filled with what? | intestinal fluid.chemically similar to seawater.allows molecules to move into and out of cells by diffusion. |
| hierarchical Organization of body plans | most animals composed of specialized cells that have different, specific functions. |
| complexity from simplicity | specialized cells->tissues;tissues->organs; Organs->organ systems; Organ system->organism |
| emergent properties | behaviors. one can know the parts but miss the big picture. ex:know parts of the animal and not know how it interacts with surroundings. |
| four main types of tissues in animals | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| histology | microscopic study of structures and function of healthy and diseased tissues and organs. |
| epithelial tissue | covers outside of body, cells closely joined, lines several cavities in body. |
| what are the shapes of epithelial calls | cuboidal (like sugar cubes);columnar(like bricks on end); squamous(like floor tiles) |
| connective tissue | binds together and supports other tissues. contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout extracellular matrix. |
| matrix consists of fibers in | liquid(blood plasma);jellylike substance (spinal discs); solid material(bone) |
| six major connective tissues | loose connective tissue;cartilage;fibrous connective tissue;adipose tissue; blood;bone |
| loose connective tissue | binds epithelia tissue to underlying tissues and holds organs in place |
| cartilage | strong and flexible support material |
| fibrous connective tissue in tendons | attach muscles to bone |
| fibrous connective tissue in ligaments | connect bones together to form joints. |
| adipose tissue | stores fat for insulation and energy |
| blood | composed of many kinds of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma |
| bone | highly mineralized with a hard calcium carbonate matrix, forming dense, strong skeleton. |
| Muscle Tissue | consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers.the fibers contract/relax in response to nerve impulses. |
| what are the three types of muscle tissue in vertebrates? | skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle |
| skeletal muscle | or striated muscle, for voluntary movement or control |
| smooth muscle | for involuntary body activities |
| cardiac muscle | for heart contractions |
| nervous tissue | detect stimuli and transmit neural signals |
| what does nervous tissue consist of? | neurons and glial cells(glia) |
| neurons | or nerve cells which rapidly transmit nerve impulses (unidirectional) |
| Glial cells | nourish,insulate, protect, and replenish neurons. |
| control and coordination in animals depends on what? | endocrine system(slow) and nervous system (fast) |
| the endocrine system | transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood |
| what do hormones do? | affect one or more body parts, have long lasting effects ( body growth. sexual maturity) |
| How do animals maintain their internal environment? | confronting (passive) to external environment or self-regulating (active) internal environment. |
| how do animals use homeostasis? | to maintain "steady state" of vital internal conditions as external environmental conditions vary. |
| thermoregulation | process by which animals maintain internal temperature within tolerable/ livable range. |
| endotherms | endothermic. birds and mammals generate heat by cell respiration. |
| ectotherms | ectothermic. most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians and non-avian reptiles. gain heat from mostly environmental sources.have a broader range of liveable temperatures. |
| how do ectotherms gain/lose heat? | conduction. convection. radiation. evaporation |
| what are the two ways to thermoregulate. | anatomical. physiological |
| anatomical | slow. grow&lose insulation:skin,feathers,fur,and blubber |
| physiological | fast.circulatory adaptations(vasodilation&vasoconstriction), cooling by evaporation,behavorial responses, increase/decreasae heat response via cell respiration |
| the postures of some terrestrial invertebrates help by... | minimizing or maximizing absorption of solar heat. |
| what are two behavoral responses that endotherms and ectotherms use to control body temP? | bathing, sunning |
| bathing | moistens skin, helping cool off animal. |
| sunning | on hard surfaces exposed to sunlight |
| cooling by evaporation of heat loss | both involve cooling effect of evaporating water. sweating/panting |
| how do animals adjust metabolic heat production? | muscular activity in endotherms such as moving or shivering increases heat production. some ectotherms also shiver to increase body temperature. |
| what is thermoregulation controlled by? | hypothalamus in brain. triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms. fever is result of illness-induced change to body temperature. |
| bioenegetics | overflow and transformation of energy in an animal that determines how much food and animal needs and the animals optimum size. activity and habitat |
| metabolic rate | amount of energy animal uses in one unit of time. |
| basal metabolic rate | metabolic rate of an endotherm resting at comfortable temp |
| standard metabolic rate | metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest as a specific temp. |
| a higher metabolic rate of smaller animals leads to | higher h20 delivery rate, higher breathing rate, faster heart beat. greater blood volume, compared with larger animal. |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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