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BIO311D Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do chloroplasts do? | conduct photosynthesis |
| What modern group of the kingdom Protista is closest to the ancestors of the Plant Kingdom? | Modern green algae |
| Name 3 major challenges faced by ancestral plants as they successfully colonized land. Name an example of an adaptation for each challenge. | 1). Maintaining moisture content (adaptation: waxy cuticles) 2). Lack of support through buoyancy (adaptation: vascular tissue) 3). No water current to disperse gamete (adaptation: multicellular reproductive organs) |
| What adaptations (plant derived traits) did plants eventually evolve for greater success on land? | 1). Multicellular reproductive organs 2). Multiceulluar embryos 3). Apical meristem |
| What is the general function of leaves? | photosynthesis |
| What is the general function of roots? | anchor and absorb water |
| What is the general function of stems? | transport and support |
| Give some examples of evolutionary modified stems, roots, and leaves. Tell what specialized functions they serve that allow that particular type of plant to be adapted for a certain habitat or way of life. | Leaves: Cacti have spines to reduce water loss Stem: Bulbs in onions store nutrients Roots: Cypress knees allow roots to come above the water surface to get O2 |
| What is meristem? | zones of continuous mitosis at tips of roots and shoots |
| What is ground tissue? | Tissue that isn't dermal or vascular; storage and support |
| What is dermal tissue? What does it do? | Outer tissue (like skin); Purpose: protects, absorbs nutrients, secretes cuticle |
| What is vascular tissue? | Cells specialized for transport (phloem and xylem) |
| Where can meristem be found? | tips of roots and shoots (apical meristem)and around the stem (lateral meristem) |
| Hormone that stimulates cell division | Cytokinin |
| Hormone that stimulates cell elongation | auxin |
| What is in a seed? | Embryo, seed coat, edosperm |
| What is the function of a fruit? | attract animals who will then disperse the seeds that the fruit contains; it does NOT nourish the seed |
| How do relative concentrations of ABA and gibberellins control the extent of seed dormancy? | More ABA= dormant; More GA= germination |
| Explain the process of seed germination | -ABA promotes dormancy -environmental trigger -imbibition: water comes into seed -Embryo produces GA -GA triggers enzymes that break down starches in endosperm -Embryo digests endosperm -Plant grows |
| A mutant plant produces auxin but cannot respond to it. What protein is abnormal? | Auxin receptors on cells needing to elongate |
| Define tropism | a growth response |
| Define phototropism | a growth towards or away from light |
| What does acid-growth hypothesis do for the plant cells? | Help cells to expand in response to auxin |
| List the steps of the acid-growth hypothesis. | Auxin increases H+ pump making cell walls more acidic. Cross links break and cellulose is able to slide. Cell expands due to turgor pressure. |
| Some synthetic auxins can stimulate root growth in transplanted trees. How does that work? | causes cells to elongate in the roots |
| Avocados ripen more quickly if put together in a bag. What hormone is responsible and why? | Ethylene gas It is produced in the ripening process and causes more ripening as an effect. Because it is a gas it can be used as a signal for both avocados. |
| Explain phototropism signaling pathway | Receptor receives light. Signal amplification occurs. Auxin accumulates on the darker side of the shoot causing the cells on the darker side to elongate. Thus, the plant grows towards the light. |
| Give a specific example of how changing the ratio of 2 hormones can affect plant development. | More auxin relative to cytokinins â promote plant elongation at shoot tip and root tips, so a tall, elongate plant growth pattern. / More cytokinins relative to auxin â promote production of new lateral buds, so a âbushyâ plant growth pattern. |
| How does the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane make a root hair cell able to take up positive soil ions such as K+? | Cations like K+ are driven into the cell through transport proteins |
| How does the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane make a root hair cell able to take up negative soil ions such as NO3-? | Anions and protons are coupled in a transporter allowing them to come into the cell |
| How does the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane make a root hair cell able to take up water? | As more ions are brought into the cell, water follows through osmosis |
| What specific membrane proteins, besides H+ pumps, are required in the uptake of K+? | passive transport protein |
| What specific membrane proteins, besides H+ pumps, are required in the uptake of NO3-? | cotransporter |
| How does the Casparian strip prevent the free flow of water into the center of a root? | The waxy belt does not allow water to flow through, so the water must enter the plasmodesmata of a cell to continue through to the xylem |
| How are xylem cells specialized for transport? | elongated, dead, has pits to transfer water from one vessel to another, extra layers of cell walls |
| How are phloem cells specialized for transport? | elongated, Sieve tube element with companion cell makes it so that the sieve tube does not need organelles so water can flow through more easily |
| 4 forces that allow water in xylem to move upwards | 1). Root pressure 2). Transpiration 3). Adhesion 4). Cohesion |
| Which force is the most important in allowing water to move upwards in xylem? | Transpiration |
| Explain the process by which stomata open and close. | Blue light signal received triggering H+ pumps that pump protons out of guard cells. K+ ions flow into guard cell. Water enters cell following the solute. Turgor pressure in the cell increases and the cell changes shape. |
| Why do stomata generally open in daylight and close at night? | Stomata open in daylight to get CO2 to use in photosynthesis. At night, photosynthesis cannot occur so they remain closed to conserve water. |
| How do stomata open during the day and not at night? | Daylight is what causes K+ and H2O to enter the guard cells and open the stomata. Without the light, the stomata are unable to open |
| Name 2 plant parts that sometimes act as sources of sugar. | Roots where sugars are being stored. Leaves where sugars are being produced through photosynthesis. |
| Name 2 plant parts that sometimes act as sugar sinks. | Fruits ; New growth at meristems |
| Explain what causes the "bulk flow" or "pressure flow" within the phloem. | When sugars are unloaded, the water follows it because of osmosis. Then due to lower water pressure, the water-sucrose solution at higher pressure (near the source) moves towards the area of low water pressure (near the sink) |
| Where does CO2 enter? How is it used? | enters Leaves; used for Photosynthesis |
| Where does O2 enter? How is it used? | Diffusion everywhere and Photosynthesis / Used in root cells |
| Where does H2O enter? How is it used? | Enters roots Used in photosynthesis |
| Where does K+ enter? How is it used? | Enters roots Used in regulation of stomata |
| Where does NO3- enter? How is it used? | Enters the roots through cotransport Used in proteins |
| Where does PO4- enter? How is it used? | Enters the roots through cotransport Used in phospholipids, DNA, RNA |
| Name some adaptations by which desert plants can minimize water loss. | Thick waxy cuticle;Long thin spines instead of leaves;Close stomata during midday |
| How is mistletoe a parasite? | Takes water from xylem of host plant |
| How does each partner benefit in Mycorrhizae/plant symbiosis. | Plants get more water from fungus / Fungus gets sugars from plant |
| How does each partner benefit in Rhizobum/plant symbiosis. | Rhizobium fixes nitrogen that plants can use in the form of nitrates. Plant provides the bacterium with sugars |
| In Rhizobum/plant symbiosis what adaptations do the bacterium have? | Receptors and signals to communicate with the plant. Lose cell walls. |
| In Rhizobum/plant symbiosis what adaptations do the plant have? | Receptors and signals to communicate with the plant. Create nodules for the bacteria. |
| Define apoplastic flow | water flowing through the plant by diffusion. Does not go through the cells |
| Define symplastic flow | water flowing through the plant through the cells |
| What is the function of the flower? | serves as sexual reproduction organ of angiosperms |
| What is the function of petals? | For attracting pollinators |
| What is the function of sepals? | For protection and attraction |
| What is the function of the carpel? | egg production |
| What is the function of the anther/stamen? | Pollen production |
| What is the male gametophyte in a flower? | pollen grain |
| Whats the difference b/w pollination and fertilization? | Pollination is just the transfer of pollen from the male flower structure to the top of the female flower structure. Fertilization is the process of fusing the gamete nuclei (e.g., to restore the diploid state). |
| What is double fertilization and what are the two products? | One pollen fuses with one embryo to form the zygote. One pollen fuses with two embryos to form the triploid endosperm |
| Is this structure haploid, diploid, or triploid? Petal | Diploid |
| Is this structure haploid, diploid, or triploid? Pollen | Haploid |
| Is this structure haploid, diploid, or triploid? Embryo sac | Haploid |
| Is this structure haploid, diploid, or triploid? Endosperm | Triploid |
| Is this structure haploid, diploid, or triploid? Ovary Wall | Diploid |
| Give examples of flower adaptations to attract specific pollinators. What is the adaptative advantage of attracting specific pollinators? | Certain colors only visible to certain animals. Tubular shape of flowers Makes sure that their pollen goes to a plant of the same species |
| Explain why while flowering plants evolved a great diversity, so did insects. | As a plant developed a certain pollination technique or toxin, the insects evolve along side to keep up |
| 2 examples of asexual/vegetative reproduction in plants | Budding ex. cacti/ spreading roots and breaking the connection ex. aspen trees and strawberries |
| What are the evolutionary advantages of sexual reproduction? | Greater genetic diversity. Helps during time of environmental change |
| What are the evolutionary advantages of asexual reproduction? | Quicker. Takes less energy |
| How do plants use aspirin (Salicylic acid)? | It stops pollen from entering the pollen tube of the same plant in order to promote cross pollination |
| How does the hypersensitive response defend a plant even through the infected cell dies? | The plant cell that is infected sends a signal to the other cells to put up their defenses so they are prepared for the infection |
| What special adaptation do C4 plants have? | The ability to store CO2 so they can open their pores at night and still conduct photosynthesis during the day |
| What is the difference between the pollen grain and sperm? | The pollen grain is made up of sperm |
| How is acid growth hypothesis an example of signal transduction? | The auxin binds to the receptors and starts a signaling pathway |
Created by:
is2903
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