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Bio terms
terms and definitions for 9.1-2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| genetics | the science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring |
| heredity | the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring |
| trait | a genetically determined characteristic |
| pollination | the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures (the anthers) to the tip of a female reproductive structure (the pistil) of a flower in angiosperms or to the ovule in gymnosperms |
| self-pollination | the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant |
| cross-pollination | a reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant |
| true-breeding | describes organisms or genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring that have the same phenotype for that trait |
| P generation | parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross |
| F1 generation | the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms |
| F2 generation | the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation |
| dominant | describes the allele that is fully expressed when carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes |
| recessive | describes a trait or an allele that is expressed only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited |
| law of segregation | Mende's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete |
| law of independent assortment | the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis |
| molecular genetics | the study of the structure of nucleic acids and the function and regulation of genes |
| allele | one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color |
| genotype | the entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits |
| phenotype | an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism's genotype and the environment |
| homozygous | describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes |
| heterozygous | describes an individual that has two different alleles for a trait |
| probability | the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event; the mathematical ratio of the number of times one outcome of any event is likely to occur to the number of possible outcomes of the event |
| monohybrid cross | a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits |
| Punnett square | a graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross |
| genotypic ratio | the ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring |
| phenotypic ratio | the ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross |
| test cross | the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype |
| complete dominance | a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another |
| incomplete dominance | a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully |
| codominance | a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed |
| dihybrid cross | a cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene |
Created by:
Nunng17
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