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BMMS 6Science Ch 5
BMMS Science Ch 5 - Earthquakes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stress | a force that acts on an area of rock to change its shape or volume |
| tension | type of stress that pulls on the crust, stretching the rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle |
| compression | type of stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks |
| shearing | stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions |
| normal faults | in a normal fault, the fault is at an angle, so one block of rock lies above the other block or rock |
| hanging wall | the block of rock that lies above the other in a normal fault |
| footwall | the block that lies below the other block in a normal fault |
| reverse fault | has the same structure of a normal fault, the the blocks move in the opposite direction |
| strike-slip fault | the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways, with little up or down motion |
| plateau | large area of flat land elevated high above sea level |
| P waves | seismic waves that compress and expand the ground like an accordian - can pass through solids and liquids |
| S waves | seismic waves that vibrate from side to side as well as up and down - cannot move through liquids |
| surface waves | P waves or S waves that reach the surface - move more slowly that P or S waves, but can produce severe ground movements |
| Mercalli scale | developed ot rate earthquakes according to their intensity, or strength at a given place |
| magnitude | number geologists assign to an earthquake based on the earthquakes size |
| Richter scale | assigns a magnitude number to an earthquake based on the size of the seismic waves |
| seismograph | instrument that records and measures seismic waves |
| moment magnitude scale | rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake |
| seismogram | the record of an earthquake's seismic waves produced by a seismograph |
| friction | force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface |
| liquifaction | occurs when an earthquake's violent shaking suddenly turns loose, soft soil into liquid mud |
| aftershock | earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area |
| tsunami | a large wave made from water displaced by an earthquake |
| base-isolated building | designed to reduce the amount of energy that reaches a building during an earthquake |
| earthquake | shaking that results from the sudden movement of rock along a fault |
| focus | the area beneath Earth's surface where rock that is under stress breaks, triggering an earthquake |
| epicenter | the point on the surface directly above the focus of the earthquake |
Created by:
mrpowers
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