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Bio II Exam III
Digestion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are two kinds of digestion? | Extracellular and intracellular. |
| What does the gastrovascular cavity do for simple animals? | Digestion and distribution. |
| What type of digestive system do most animals have? | A full alimentary canal (mouth to anus). |
| What does the alimentary canal allow? | Movement of food from a -> b, specialized compartments, and there's no hurry to digest before eating again. |
| What are features of the mammalian digestive tract? | Alimentary canals, glands, paristalsis (contractions of smooth muscles, sphincters keep food in specific compartments), and accessory glads (salivary, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder) |
| Why do animals perform mechanical chewing? | The surface area of food is increased and it makes swallowing possible. |
| What is saliva? | It is a mucin glycoprotein, it acts as an antibacterial, a buffer, and has salivary amylase for carbohydrate digestion. |
| What does the tongue? | Forms the bolus and pushes the food back. |
| What separates the esophagus and trachea? | The glottis and epiglottis. The glottis blocks the trachea when swallowing. |
| What does the esophagus do? | Moves the bolus to the stomach by involuntary smooth muscle contractions. |
| What does the stomach do? | It is use for food storage and early breakdown, can store 2 liters of food and fluid, is made of smooth muscle, contains gastric juices (pepsin- protein breakdown and HCl-matirx breakdown). |
| How is pepsin secreted? | Pepsin is kept separately. Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin. |
| How does the stomach keep from digesting itself? | Lots of mucus, constant mitosis, and the presence of helibacter pylori (bacteria). |
| How long does stomach churning last? | About 20 seconds, acid chyme (nutrint broth made my stomach) |
| What two sphincters are in the stomach? | The cardiac (top) and pyloric (bottom). The pyloric sphincter allows the passage of the acid chyme. |
| What does the small intestine do? | Responsible for digestion and absorption. This is the longest section of the alimentary canal. |
| What is the duodenum? | The first section of the small intestine. This is where the acid chyme mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, gallbladder, excretions from the small intestine, and liver |
| What does the pancreas do? | It excretes the bicarbonate that buffers the acid chyme and digests proteins that with enzymes activated in the duodenum. |
| What does the liver do? | It stores bile that is stored in the gallbladder, it contains emulsifiers that digest fats and pigments from digested blood cells. |
| Where does most of the digestion occur? | In the duodenum where digestive enzymes are secreted. |
| Where is most of the nutrient absorption occur? | The small intestine. |
| How much area does the small intestine cover? | 300 m^2. |
| What increases the area of the small intestine? | Fold, villi, and microvilli. |
| What makes up villi? | microscopic blood vessels and lacteals where fats go the thoracic duct and then the subclavian vein. Nutrients pass from the intestine to these vessels. |
| Where do all of the vessels in villi lead? where do they go? | To the hepatic portal vein. Fat surrounded by bile salts go straight to the liver and then to the heart. |
| What is the structure of the large intestine? | It joins the to the small intestine in a T-junctions. There is a dead end called the cecum where the appendix is attached (lymphoid tissue that doesn't help much). |
| What is the function of the large intestine? | Water extraction. The small and large intestine together extract 90% of fluids. Feces becomes more solid the further it gets in the large intestine. |
| What are some complications that can occur in the large intestine? | Irritation and infections can lead to diarrhea. If peristalsis is too slow, compaction and constipation occurs. |
| What are the flora present in the large intestine? | Eschericha coli. Byproducts of their activity include methane, hydrogen sulfide, vitamins, and protection from dangerous bacteria. |
| What makes up feces? | Cellulose (fiber cannot be digested, but cleans system) and undigested material. |
| What does the rectum do? | Stores feces. It is made up of 2 sphincter where one is voluntary and the other is involuntary. |
Created by:
MichaelaMH
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