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Bio II Exam III

Structure and Fuction II

QuestionAnswer
What methods do animals regulate themselves internally? Temperature regulation (depending on need and condition), negative feedback, positive feedback.
What is meant by thermoregulation? Maintaining internal body temperature (37 degrees Celsius in humans). Increases in temperature can increase enzymatic activity and change membranes.
Describe the thermoregulation of ectotherms. They have a low metabolic rate and very little heat is produced internally. They are also more tolerant of extreme body temperatures.
Describe the thermoregulation of endotherms. They have a high metabolic rate and produce substantial amount of heat internally. They tend to be more sensitive to extreme changes in body temperature.
How do animals balance heat gain and loss? By insulation (by hair, feathers, and fat) and by integumentary systems in mammals (hair, skin, nails).
What layers make up the skin? Epidermis (protection from mostly dead cells), the dermis (supports the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, and muscle), and hypodermis (made up of adipose tissue and blood vessels and is mostly for insulation).
In what ways does circulatory system aid thermoregulation? Vasodilation (warms skin by increase of blood flow), Vasoconstriction (decreases blood flow to keep blood at core), and countercurrent heat exchange (in marine mammals birds).
How the body cool itself? Sweating and behavior modification.
How is behavior modified for thermoregulation? Increase / decrease movement, huddling, shivering.
What is another method of producing body heat? Nonshivering thermogenisis (NST), no atp is produced, just heat from brown fat.
How do insects increase internal body temperature? By warming muscles.
What is meant by acclimatization? Adding or removing insulation. This can vary in metabolic rate and involved heat shock proteins.
What is hibernation? Periods of low activity and metabolism.
What is torpor? The fourth week of the term of hibernation.
What is estivation? Summer torpor, usually on beaches.
Why is animal diet so important? It's necessary to build what we need (carbons from sugars and nitrogen from proteins) and to gain essential nutrients (things we cannot build, Vitamins C, B12, and D)
What is scurvy? A disease caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C.
What deficiency causes anemia and depression? A deficiency of B12.
What deficiency causes rickets, brain, and kidney damage? A deficiency f Vitamin D.
How many different types of essential amino acids need to be ingested? 8 or 9.
Why should animals keep a balanced diet? Because animal products generally contain everything we need in the right proportions and plants provide unsaturated fatty acids.
What are vitamins? They are fat or water soluble organic compounds. They are critical in small amounts and there are 13 essentials.
What are minerals? These are also needed in small amounts. They consist of calium, iron, zinc magnesium, iodine, etc.
Where do animals get their minerals from? From dairy, nuts, soybeans, legumes, whole grains, bananas, meat, eggs, and leafy vegetables.
All animals, plants, and fungi use the same ____ 20 amino acids.
What is digestion? The breakdown of organic molecules. Polymers and macromolecules are broken down into simpler units.
What do polysaccharides break down to (starch)? Simple sugars.
What kind of sugars can't humans break down? Cellulose and chitin.
What do proteins break down into? Amino acids.
What do nucleic acids break down into? Nucleotides.
What is mechanical fragmentation? Chewing.
What is enzymatic hydrolysis? The addition of water to break apart proteins.
What gets absorbed in digestion? Amino acids, sugar, etc.
What gets eliminated in digestion? Undigested material.
Created by: MichaelaMH
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