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LD BIO CH 26
LD BIO CH 26 MODERN GENETICS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| THOMAS MORGAN | Study of fruit flies; Easy to fee, few chromosomes, giant chromosomes, mutations found and studied. |
| SEX CHROMOSOMES | The two unmatched chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; represented as X and Y |
| AUTOSOMES | The chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes |
| X CHROMOSOMES | One of the two types of Sex chromosomes |
| Y CHROMOSOMES | One of the two types of Sex Chromosomes |
| SEX LINKED TRAIT | A trait that is controlled by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes |
| COLOR BLINDNESS | A sex linked trait in which an individual cannot perceive certain colors. |
| LINKAGE GROUP | All the genes that are on the same chromosome |
| CROSSING OVER | The process in which pieces of homologous chromosomes are exchanged during synapsis in the first meiotic division. Exception to linkage. |
| MULTIPLE GENE INHERITANCE | The type of inheritance in which two or more paris of genes affect the same characteristic; polygenic inheritance |
| DEOXYRIBOSE | A five carbon sugar found in DNA |
| ADENINE | A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA |
| GUANINE | A nitrogenous base found un DNA and RNA |
| CYTOSINE | A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA |
| THYMINE | A nitrogenous base found in DNA |
| NUCLEOTIDE | the base units of nucleic acids, each containing a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases. |
| HELIX | A shape like coiled spring, used to describe the structure of DNA molecules. |
| ONE GENE-ONE POLYPEPTIDE HYPOTHESIS | The hypothesis that every gene directs the synthesis of a particular polypeptide chain; originally called the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. |
| MESSENGER RNA | The type of RNA that carries the code for a polypeptide from DNA to the ribosomes where it is translated; Carried from nucleus to cytoplasm |
| TRANSCRIPTION | The copying of a genetic message from a strand of DNA into a molecule of RNA and bringing it from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. |
| TRANSFER RNA | The type of RNA that carries a particular amino acid to mRNA at the ribosome in protein synthesis |
| ANTICODON | A sequence of three bases of a tRNA molecule that paris with the complementary three-nucleotide codon of an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis. |
| RIBOSOMAL RNA | A type of RNA transcribed from DNA in the nucleolus and found in the ribosomes; Ribosome is made up of rRNA and protein |
| TRANSLATION | tRNA picks up mRNA transports to ribosomes where codons on mRNA match w/ anticodons on tRNA create long chains of amino acids, long chain creates polypeptides or protein. |
| OPERON | In prokaryotes, such as bacteria, the promoter, the operator, and their associated structural genes. act as a unit to produce sequence of enzymes in a biochemical pathway. |
| INTRON | A segment of DNA that does not code from amino acids of a protein |
| ENHANCER | A section of DNA that controls the access of an enzyme to a promoter |
| HOMEOTIC GENES | In fruit flies, the genes that control key events in the flies' development. Genes that switch other genes on or off |
| ONCOGENES | Any of various genes that, when activated, may cause normal cells to become cancerous |
| THOMAS MORGAN'S GENE THEORY | Genes in a chromosome arranged in a row, Traits together are linked (same chromosome), Linkage groups may be broken by crossing-over, Position of genes on chromosomes determined and may be indicated on a gene map. |
| ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES ON GENES | Turns some genes on and off depending on where you are. Variation allows for this. |
| FREDERICK GRIFFITH | Tried to find a cure for pneumonia. |
| AVERY, MACLEOD, & MCCARTY | 1944 experiment which demonstrated that DNA is the substance that transformed the pneumonia bacteria |
| HERSHEY & CHASE | Proved that DNA was genetic material passed on and not a protein. They used a virus (bacteriophage), capable of infecting bacteria made of DNA surrounded by a coat of protein. |
| CODONS | Triplets of bases on mRNA |
| ANTI-CODONS | Triplets of bases on tRNA |
| ORIGINAL DNA | Has the instructions on how to make the protein. The base sequences will determine the sequence of an amino acid that will code for a specific protein. |
| WATSON & CRICK | Determined the structure of DNA; proposed the double-helix model of DNA |
| DOUBLE HELIX | Shape of DNA molecules |
| GENE | A sequence of nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule |
| STRUCTURAL GENE | DNA segment that codes for the production of a particular polypeptide |
| PEDIGREE CHART | Shows the presence or absence of a particular trait in each member of each generation |
| PROMOTER GENE | Attracts and binds the enzyme that starts transcription. If the enzyme does not bind, no transcription will take place. |
| REPRESSOR PROTEIN | Always present. When lactose binds to it, it changes shape and cannot bind to the operator gene. |
| EXONS | A segment of DNA that codes for an amino acid that will become part of a protein. |
| ENZYMES | Are all made from proteins |
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desilva13
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