Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Year 10 Genetics
Year 10 Genetics Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adenine | a purine nucleobase that binds to thymine in DNA |
| alleles | alternative forms of a gene for a particular characteristic |
| amino acid | the building blocks of proteins |
| asexual reproduction | reproduction that does not involve fusion of sex cells (gametes) |
| autosomal inheritance | an inherited trait coded for by genes located on autosomes |
| autosomes | non-sex chromosomes |
| base-pairing rule | the concept that in DNA every adenine (A) binds to a thymine (T), and every cytosine (C) binds to a guanine (G). Also known as Chargaff's rule |
| cell division | a process that results in the production of new cells |
| chromosomes | tiny thread-like structures inside the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes contain the DNA that carries genetic information |
| clones | genetically identical copies |
| codominance | type of inheritance in which the heterozygote shows the expression of both alleles in its phenotype |
| codon | sequence of three bases in mRNA that contains information to start or stop protein synthesis or for the addition of a specific amino acid |
| complementary base pairs | in DNA, specific base pairs will form between the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) and thymine (T) and between the bases cytosine (C) and guanine (G) |
| complete dominance | type of inheritance in which the dominant trait requires only one allele to be present for its expression. It masks the allele for the recessive trait |
| crossing over | exchange of alleles (alternative forms of genes) between maternal and paternal chromosomes |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm of a cell |
| cytosine | a pyrimidine nucleobase that binds to guanine in DNA |
| deletion | a type of mutation where one nucleotide is deleted from the DNA sequence |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | it is the chemical substance found in all living things that encodes the genetic information of an organism |
| diploid | the paired set of chromosomes within a somatic cell |
| DNA replication | process that results in DNA making a precise copy of itself |
| double helix | DNA molecules have the appearance of a spiral ladder or double helix, a sugar–phosphate backbone or frame, and rungs or steps that are made up of nitrogenous bases joined together by hydrogen bonds |
| gametes | reproductive or sex cells such as sperm or ova |
| gene | segment of a DNA molecule with a coded set of instructions in its base sequence for a specific protein product; when expressed, may determine the characteristics of an organism |
| genetics | study of inheritance |
| genome | the complete set of genes present in an organism or somatic cell; the entire genetic make-up |
| genotype | genetic instructions (contained in DNA) inherited from parents at a particular gene locus |
| guanine | a purine nucleobase that binds to cytosine in DNA. Also found in guano |
| haploid | the possession of one copy of each chromosome in a cell |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles for a characteristic |
| homologous | used to describe members of each matching pair of chromosomes |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles for a characteristic within the genotype |
| hybrid | in reference to allele combinations for a particular trait, this would be a heterozygous organism. In reference to crossbreeding, this could be the offspring between two different types of organisms |
| inheritance | genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring |
| karyotype | the number and general appearance (size, shape and banding) of a set of chromosomes in a somatic cell |
| locus | position occupied by a gene on a chromosome |
| maternal chromosomes | chromosomes from the ovum |
| meiosis | cell division process that results in new cells with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell |
| Gregor Mendel | (1822–1884) an Austrian monk responsible for the development of the fundamentals of the genetic basis of inheritance |
| Erwin Chargaff | (1905–2002) an American biochemist whose research led to the concept of base pairing, also known as Chargaff's rule |
| messenger RNA | single-stranded RNA transcribed from a DNA template that then carries the genetic to a ribosome to be translated into a protein |
| mitosis | cell division process that results in new genetically identical cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell |
| monosomy | a condition in which there is only one copy of a particular chromosome (rather than two) in a cell. e.g. Turner's syndrome, which results in only one sex chromosome (XO) |
| mutations | changes to DNA sequence, at the gene or chromosomal level |
| nitrogenous base | adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine and uracil are examples of nitrogenous bases that may be found in nucleotides. |
| non-homologous | used to describe chromosomes that do not match |
| nucleotides | compounds (DNA building blocks) containing a sugar part (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate part and a nitrogen-containing base that varies |
| paternal chromosomes | chromosomes carried in the sperm |
| partial dominance | heterozygous offspring show a phenotype that is different from the phenotype of an individual with either homozygous genotype |
| pedigree chart | diagram showing the family tree and a particular inherited characteristic for family members |
| phenotype | characteristics that result from the expression of an organism's genotype. Phenotype depends on both the genotype and the environment |
| Punnett square | a diagram that is used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross. It shows possible combinations of the alleles for a particular trait that are present in the gametes of each parent |
| pure breeding | an organism for which two alleles for a particular gene are the same |
| recessive | refers to a trait (phenotype) that will only be expressed in the absence of the allele for the dominant trait |
| ribosomes | mRNA is ‘read’ or translated into proteins in these organelles |
| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that differ in males and females in a species. In humans, for example, females contain two X chromosomes whereas males contain an X and a Y chromosome |
| sex-linked inheritance | an inherited trait coded for by genes located on sex chromosomes |
| sexual reproduction | involves the joining together of male and female reproductive cells (gametes) |
| somatic cells | cells of the body that are not sex cells |
| thymine | a pyrimidine nucleobase that binds to adenine in DNA |
| zygote | formed by the fusion of male and female reproductive cells |
Created by:
ebarker
Popular Biology sets