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a&p test 1
chapters 17
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Blood functions | distribution, regulation, prevention |
| blood | formed elements are suspended in a non living fluid matrix called plasma |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells that binds, carries, and relseases oxygen. 45% of total blood volume. have no nuclei or organells. |
| leukocytes | white blood cells that protect the body and platelets to help stop bleeding. |
| hematocrit | |
| plasma | 90% water, straw colored, sticky. contains electrocytes, proteins, nutrients, respiratory gases, non-protein nitrigenous substances. |
| plasma proteins | albumin, globulin, gamma, fibrinogen |
| albumin | 60% pof plamasma proteins, produced by the liver, osmotic pressure |
| globulins | 36% of plasma proteins. alpha and beta. produced by the liver. transport proteins to lipids, metal ions, and fat soluble vitamins |
| gamma | antibodies released by plasma cells during immune responce |
| fibrinogen | 4% of plasma proteins. produced by the liver. forms fibrin threads of blood clot |
| hemoglobin | the protein that makes red blood cells, binds easily and reversibly with oxygen. made up of red heme pigment pound to the protein globulin. |
| oxyhemoglobin | oxygen binds to iron at the center of heme |
| deoxyhemoglobin | reduced hemoglobin, no oxygen bound to heme |
| carbaminohemirooglobin | happens when hemoglobin is in the reduced state. direction of transport of carbon dioxide is from tissues to lungs, where carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body. |
| hematopoiesis | blood cell formation. happens in red blood marrow (network of reticular of connective tissue with blood sinusoids |
| hematopoietic stem cell | (hemocytoblast) forms all blood cells. differentiation or maturation involves irreversible commitment to a pathway of development |
| erythropoiesis | erythrocyte formation |
| life span of erythrocyte | 120 days. in spleen, liver, and marrow. |
| anemia | erythrocyte disorder. low oxygen carrying capacity due to blood loss, low production, and high destruction. |
| hemorrhagic anemia | blood loss |
| iron-deficiency anemia | low iron in diet |
| pernicious anemia | immune system destroys stomach mucosa reducing intristic factor secretion necessary for B12 intake or low B12 diet. |
| polycythemia | too many red blood cells, high viscosity, low oxygen delivery |
| granulocytes | phagocytic, lobed nuclei, shorter lived than erythrocytes. |
| neutrophil | most numerous, attracted to inflammations, very phagocytotic |
| eoisinophil | attack parasitic worms, 2 lobed nuclei |
| basophil | inflammatory responces, u or s shaped nucleus |
| agranulocytes | lack cytoplasmic granules, kidney shaped nuclei |
| lymphocytes | very large, dark purple nucleus |
| T-lymphocyte | disrupt virus infected cells, and tumor cells |
| B-lymphocyte | produce plasma cells, produce antibodies. cellular and humoral immunity |
| monocyte | less numerus, kidney shaped nucleus. phagoctyize bacteria |
| leukopoiesis | paracrine/hormonal controls. |
| leukocyte disorders | leukemia, infectious mononucleosus |
| platelets | blood clotting, |
| homeostasis | vascular spasm, platelt plug formation, coagulation |
| vascular spasm | damaged blood vessels respond to injury by constricting |
| platelet plug formation | platelets stick together to form a plug that seals the break in the vessel wall |
| coagulation | blodd clotting, fibrin threads reinforce platelet plug to form clot trapping addition cells in frbrin mesh. 3 phases |
| phase 1: activation of prothrombin | intristic pathway (freely circulating in blood) extrinstic pathway (tissue factors from damaged tissues) |
| phase 2: thrombin activation | prothrombin to thrombin |
| phase 3: fibrin mesh formation | thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, then polymerizes |
| clot retractionbilit | stabilizes the clot, platelets contain contractile protein and contract like smooth muscle cells. |
| platelet derived growth factor | released by platelets stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to divide and rebuild the vessel wall |
| fibrinolysis | keeps vessels from blocking. endothelial cells near clot secrete tissue plasminogen activator(tPA). |
| thrombus | disorder in which a clot within an unbroken blood vessel attatched to the wall |
| embolus | a clot wihtin an unbroken vessel, floating freely |
| thrombocyopenia | platelet deficiency, causes spontaneous bleeding, caused by destruction of marrow |
| impaired liver function | clot is unable to form |
| hemophilia | genetic disorder, lacking 1 clotting factor |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation | wide spread clotting formed by the inibility to form clots |
| antigens | glyco and lipprotein markers on the cell membrane surface (IMMUNE RESPONCE) |
| agglutination | clumping together of cells |
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