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Blood Ags / typing

Immunology. Exam 2. Blood antigens and blood typing

QuestionAnswer
Name the four different groups in the ABO system. A, B, AB & O
Name the antigens on the surface of red blood cells that are used classifying blood in the ABO system. A has A antigen. B has B antigen. AB has A & B antigen. O has neither A or B antigen
State the antibodies to ABO antigens (if any) that are found in the plasma. A has anti-B antibody. B has anti-A antibody. AB as neither anti-A & anti-B antibody. O has both anti-A & anti-B antibody.
State the class of antibody that is usually made to ABO antigens. Ab is usually IgM . Sometimes with sufficient exposure, IgG is made (multiple pregnancies or multiple transfusions). IgG crosses the placenta, but IgM does not cross the placenta
Describe the problems associated with transfusing blood of a different ABO type into an individual. Agglutination (clumping) of donor’s RBC with Ag. Hemolysis (complement-mediated lysis; opsonization). Clumped cells or fragments of cells clog small blood vessels in kidneys, lungs, heart, or brain causing tissue damage Toxic to kidney nephrons.
State why ABO matching is important in tissue and organ transplants ABO matching important in tissue and organ transplants; ABO antigens are on vascular endothelial cells of graft; AB antigens are on almost every cell and in some individuals found in saliva.
Name the two groups of most importance in the Rh system Rh positive & Rh negative
State the antigens on the surface of red blood cells that are used classifying blood in the Rh system Rh positive has RhD antigen. Rh negative has no RhD antigen.
State the antibodies to Rh antigens (if any) that are found in the plasma. Rh positive has no anti-RhD antibody. Rh negative has no anti-RhD antibody unless exposed.
State the class of antibody that is usually made to Rh antigens Anti-RhD is the most common and the strongest of Rh antibodies. Some IgM is formed initially after strong immunization. Usually IgG is cause problems
Describe the problems associated with transfusing blood of a different Rh type into an individual Individuals who do not produce the D antigen will produce anti-D if they encounter the D antigen on transfused RBCs (causing a hemolytic transfusion reaction)
Regarding Rh type blood, indicate what would occur with the first exposure, with subsequent exposures. 1st antibody produced to Rh antigen = IgM. 2nd exposure the antibody produced = IgG (from memory cells)
Describe hemolytic disease of the newborn, and the problems that can result if a mother with an Rh negative blood that carries a child with Rh positive blood No problem during the 1st pregnancy. If fetal RBCs get into the mom’s circulatory system & begin interacting w/ B cells = proliferation = Memory cells. 2nd pregnancy = IgG forms in the mother, crosses placenta = agglutination & lysis of fetal RBCs
Describe a way to avoid the problems w/ mom w/ Rh negative blood that carries a child with Rh positive blood. RhoGam used with Rh (-) mothers exposed to Rh (+) fetal blood during pregnancy, child birth, stillbirths, or abortions. If RhoGAM is given, any antibodies to RhD can bind to any fetal RBCs before the fetal RBCs can stimulate the B cells of the mother.
What does RhoGam do? RhoGAM prevents activation of B cells & formation of memory B cells, so w/ subsequent pregnancy there are no memory cells to stimulate & antibodies will not be formed.
Created by: Thommy413
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