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Celebration #2
Science- Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What causes genetic mutations? | Caused by changes occurring in single nucleotides or within segments of genes. |
| What kinds of diseases can genetic mutations cause? | Cancer, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and leukemia |
| What are the some types of mutations? | Point mutation, Insertion, Expansion, Deletion, Sustitution |
| Describe point mutation | occurs within only one nucleotide |
| Describe insertion | a nucleotide or codon is inserted into a gene |
| Describe expansion | a codon is copied repeatedly |
| Describe deletion | a single nucleotide or a segment of a chromosome can be removed: removes a chromosomal segment |
| Describe substitution | the replacement of one nucleotide with a different nucleotide |
| What are some chromosome abnormalities? | duplication, inversion, translocation |
| describe duplication | repeats a segment; part of a chromatid is duplicated and added on to the chromosome |
| describe inversion | reverses a segment within a chromosome |
| describe translocation | moves a segment from one chromosome to another, non-homologous one; part of a chromosome is inserted from a different chromosome number |
| What are some specific causes of mutations? What could stop the mutations? | DNA replication issues, germ (sex) cell mutations may be passed on to offspring,environmental chemicals or radiation may damage DNA; gene therapy may cause certain bacteria or viruses to stop mutating |
| How can we identify mutations? | Gel electrophoresis- compare DNA segments or protein types to identify differences Samples- samples from organism with mutation can be lined up with samples from an organism with the condition |
| What can mutations effect? | One slight mistranslation of amino acids can cause a disorder of some sort. |
| True or false: The farther apart genes are the more likely they will cross over and be separated | True |
| What are some chromosome abnormalities? | Nondisjunction, trisomy, translocation, duplication, deletion |
| describe nondisjunction | chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis |
| describe trisomy | an extra chromosome is found in a person's nucleus |
| What is a monohybrid cross? | shows inheritance f one trait within an allele (ex. Aa X AA) |
| What is a dihybrid cross? | Shows inheritance of two traits within two alleles (ex. AaBb X AAbb) |
| What does the Law of Dominance say? | a dominant allele is expressed even if a recessive allele is present |
| What makes something codominant? | If there are two dominant alleles for the same trait that are expressed (seen in a phenotype) |
| During codominance two ______ alleles are ______ expressed. | dominant; simultaneously |
| What are the four phenotypes of blood? | A, B, AB and O |
| how are the blood phenotypes different? | They have different antigen markers on their surface |
| Which blood genotype displays codominance? | AB |
| Describe Incomplete Dominance | two parental genotypes combine to make unique hybrid phenotype |
| During incomplete dominance, the offspring have a mixture of ____ from both parents but do not have the same _____ as either one | genes; phenotype |
| Describe Mendelian Genetics | one gene controls one phenotypic trait |
| Describe polygenic traits | multiple genes control one phenotypic trait |
| Describe epistasis | the interaction between genes that produces different traits |
| ________ traits are more common than ______ traits | polygenic; monogenic |
| What is genomics? | study of how genes are expressed |
| What is proteonomics? | study of how proteins function within an organism |
| How is a gene expressed? Explain | "turning on"; it is transcribed and translated into an amino acid |
| _______ enzymes can help some genes to be expressed and others repressed | Regulatory |
| What factors affect gene expression? (aka epigenome) | diet, stress, age, environment |
| What are DNA microarrays? | test showing whether genes are turned on or off based on fluorescence |
| What does western bot do? | tells what proteins have been produced from a DNA sample; uses gel electrophoresis |
| What happens in gel electrophoresis? | separates proteins then adds antibodies that flourescence binds to proteins |
| What is a polymerase Chain reaction? (PCR) | takes a DNA sample and amplifies is using RNA primers |
| How can genes be altered? | gene splicing, DNA can be placed in plasmid (ring of DNA), viral vectors, gene gun |
| Describe gene splicing | using restriction enzymes to cut and add certain strands of DNA |
| Describe how DNA can be placed in a plasmid | DNA can be placed in a plasmid (ring of DNA) inside of a bacteria or in an organism's cells |
| Describe viral vectors | viruses that certain genes that are inserted to help treat certain conditions |
| describe a gene gun | method that shoots DNA into cells using metal particles |
| What is the law of segregation? | offspring receive from each parent |
| what is the law of dominance? | recessive alleles re not expressed when dominant alleles are present |
| What is the law of independent assortment? | alleles passed down are due to random chance produced during crossing over in meiosis |
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