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Science Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is present in nearly all living organisms and it is the carrier of genetic information. |
| Chromosome | A thread-like structure made up of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| Gene | A unit of heredity, which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some of the characteristics of the offspring. |
| Allele | Different forms of the same gene. |
| Nucleotide | The basic building block of nucleic acids such as DNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base, a sugar and a phosphate group. |
| Meiosis | A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes. |
| Gamete (sex cell) | Reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell - zygote. In humans, male gametes=sperm and female gametes=ova/eggs. Gametes are produced by Meiosis. They are haploid, meaning they only contain one set of chromosomes. |
| Fertilization | A process in sexual reproduction that involves the union of male and female gametes (each with a single, haploid set of chromosomes) to produce a diploid zygote. |
| Zygote | A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes. |
| Phenotype | Physical characteristics or traits. Phenotype = Genotype+Environment |
| Genotype | Combination of genes and alleles. (e.g. GG or gg) |
| Dominant/ Dominant Allele | A dominant trait or gene. Often responsible for the phenotype (physical characteristics) |
| Recessive/ Recessive Allele | Inheritable characteristics controlled by genes, which are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents. / Masked by the dominant allele (often not seen as the phenotype) |
| Incomplete Dominance | Results in a blending of phenotypes. Incomplete dominance produces a full new colour. Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. |
| Co-Dominance | Both alleles r equally dominant. The phenotype of a hetero. organism is a combination of the phenotypes of the homo. organism (e.g. RR=red, rr=white, Rr=patchy white&red cow). Co-dom. results in patchiness.Result=offspring w/ phenotypes that rn't dom/rec. |
| Carrier | An organism possessing a recessive gene for a trait, hence, not expressing the trait. When mated with another carrier, this organism can produce a homozygous offspring that expresses the recessive trait. |
| X-linked | Relating to genes or characteristics or conditions carried on the X chromosome. |
| Autosome/ Autosomal | A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (Chromosomes 1-22) / Of or relating to an autosome. |
| Homozygous | Genotype with the same alleles. |
| Heterozygous | Genotype with different alleles. |
| Pedigree | A diagram showing the lineage or genealogy of an individual and all the direct ancestors, usually to analyze or follow the inheritance of a trait. |
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