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Microbiology Terms
Chapter 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Virology | the branch of microbiology that is concerned with viruses and viral diseases |
| Viruses | an infectious agent having a simple accelular organization with a protein coat and nucleic acid genome, lacking independent metabolism, and multiplying only within living host cells |
| Bacteriophage | a virus that uses bacteria as its host; often called a phage |
| Virion | a complete virus particle; at the simplest, it consists of a protein capsid surrounding a nucleic acid molecule |
| Nucleocapsid | the viral nucleic acid and its surrounding capsid; basic unit of virion structure |
| Capsid | the protein coat or shell that surrounds a virion’s nucleic acid |
| Protomers | a individual subunit of a viral capsid; a capsomer is made of protomers |
| Enveloped virus | a virus having virions that consist of a nucleocapsid enclosed within an envelope |
| Naked virus | a virus composed of only nucleocapsid (lacking an envelope) |
| Icosahedral | a viral capsid that has 20 equilateral triangular faces and 12 corners |
| Capsomers | the ring shaped morphological unit which icosahedral capsids are constructed |
| Helical capsids | a viral capsid in the form of a helix |
| Neuraminidase | an enzyme that cleaves the chemical bond linking neuraminic acids the sugars present on the surface of animal cells; in virology, one type of envelope spike on influenza viruses has been used to identify particular strains |
| Hemagglutinin | one of the envelope spikes on influenza viruses. They are the basis for identifying particular strains |
| Segmented genomes | a viral genome that is divided into several parts or fragments, each usually coding for a single polypeptide |
| Receptors | proteins that bind signaling molecules (ligands), thereby initiating certain cellular responses |
| Tropism | the selective infection of certain organisms or host tissue by a virus; results from the distribution of the specific receptor for a virus in different organisms or certain tissues of the host |
| Virulent phage | viruses that lyse their host cells at the end of the viral life cycle |
| Temperate phage | bacterial and archaeal viruses that can establish a lysogenic relationship rather than immediately lysing their host (they may also do this though) |
| Lysogeny | the state in which a viral genome remains within a bacterial cell after infection and reproduces along with it, rather than taking control of the host cell and destroying it. |
| Prophage | the form of a eukaryotic virus that remains within the host cell during a latent infection |
| Lysogens | bacterial and archaeal cells that carry a provirus and can produce viruses under the proper conditions |
| Induction | the events that trigger a virus to switch from lysogenic mode to lytic pathway |
| Lysogenic cycle | the phase of a temperate virus’s life cycle in which it establishes and maintains lysogeny |
| Lytic cycle | a viral life cycle that results in the lysis of the host cell |
| Lysogenic conversion | a change in the phenotype of a bacterium due to the presence of prophage |
| Neoplasia | abnormal cell growth and reproduction due to a loss of regulation of the cell cycle; produces a tumor in solid tissues |
| Anaplasia | the reversion of an animal cell to a more primitive, undifferentiated state |
| Oncoviruses | a virus known to be associated with the development of cancer |
| Tumor suppressor protein | proteins that regulate cell cycling or repair DNA. Their inactivation can contribute to the development of cancer |
| Viroids | an infectious agent that is a single stranded RNA not associated with any proteins; the RNA does not code for any proteins and is not translated |
| Plaque forming units | the unit of measure of a plaque array, which usually represents a single infectious virion |
| Prions | an infectious agent consisting of only protein; prions cause a variety of spongiform encephalopathies such as scrapie and kuru |
Created by:
cac082
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