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Immunology
Words and concepts about the innate and adaptive immune response
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What cells come from the lymphoid lineage? | Nk, T, B and Mast cells |
| What cells come from the myeloid lineage? | Granulocytes and monocytes |
| What kind of immune cells spend most of their time in the blood? | Granulocytes and monocytes |
| What kind of immune cells spend most of their time in the lymph nodes? | Nk, T, B and Mast cells |
| What are the types of phagocytes in the immune system? | Granulocytes, macrophages/monocytes and dendritic cells |
| What are macrophages? | Long-lived cells that induce inflammation by chemokines and cytokines |
| What are granulocytes? | Short-lived cells that are distinguished by their large granules when stained |
| What are neutrophils? | Degrade pathogens using enzumes and antimcrobial substances |
| What are eosinophils and basophils? | A type of granulocytes that contain enzymeds and toxic proteins which are realized when activated, used primarily with parasites and involved in allergic inflammatory reactions |
| What are mast cells? | Granulocytes that have a role in allergic reactions and help induce inflammation |
| What are dentritic cells? | Phagocytic cells that activate T lymphocytes by displaying antigens on their surface |
| What are antigen presenting cells (APCs)? | Cells that can present antigens to inactive cells and activate them. Examples: Macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells. |
| What is a natural killer cell? | Large cells with granular cytoplasm that can kill viruses |
| What are B cells? | Lymphocytes that are primarily activated by T cells |
| What are T cells? | Phagocytes that activate b cells and bring antigens to the lymph nodes to activate adaptive immunity |
| What are plasma cells? | Activated b-cells that produce antibodies |
| What makes up the central lymphoid organs? | Bone marrow and the thymus |
| What makes the peripheral lymphoid organs? | Spleen, mucosal lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes |
| What initiates inflammation? | The chemokines/cytokines of macrophages |
| What are the symptoms of inflammation? | Redness, heat, pain and swelling |
| What are inflammatory cells? | Macrophages and neutrophils |
| What are co-stimulatory molecules? | Molecules that provide signals that act together with antigen to stimulate t cells to mature |
| What kind of cells secret chemokines/cytokines? | Macrophaes, neutrophils, dentritic cells |
| What are PAMPs? | Pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are present on many microorganisms and are recognized by dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils |
| What kind of structures do PRRs recognize? | Mannose-rich oligosaccharides, peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides in the bacterial cell wall |
| What are MHC molecules? | Major histo-compatbility complex; membrane glycoproteins that antigens can bind to |
| What is MALT | Mucosa-associated tissue; system of lymphoid tissues that protects area exposed to air, food and natural flora of body |
| What is GALT? | Gut-associated lymphoid tissues; include the sonsils, adenoids, peyer's patch and appendix |
| What is humoral immunity? | Immunity mediated by antibodies |
| What are the ways that antibodies can protect against pathogens? | - Attach and block them * neutralization - Opsonization - Complement activation |
| What is complement activation? | Activated in innate immunity by microbial surfaces without help of antibodies |
| What is the effector function of B cells? | To produce antibodies |
| What is cell-mediated immune responses? | Part of adaptive immunity, where T-cells are responsible for destryoing pathogens that replicate inside a cell |
| What is CD8? | A type of cell-surface protein on cytotoxic t cells |
| What is CD4? | A type of cell-surface protein on t cells that recognize infected cells |
| What are Th1 cells? | A type of CD4 cell that controls intracellular bacterial infections (by activating macrophages) and stimulates the production of antibodies |
| What are Th2 cells? | A type of CD4 cells that activate naive b cells |
| What is a MHC class I molecule? | Collects peptides from proteins synthesized in cytosol |
| What is a MHC class II molecule? | Collects peptides from proteins intracellular vesicles |
| What are cryptdins/a-defensins? | Antibacterial/antifungal peptides made by Paneth cells |
| What are b-defensins? | Antimicrobial peptides made my epithelia cells mainly in the respiratory and urogenital tracts, skin and tongue. |
| How do antimicrobial proteins work? | They coat pathogens so that they can be more easily engulged by phagocytes |
| What does superoxide dismutase do? | Covert superoxyide to hydrogen peroxide |
| What does NADPH oxidase do? | Covert oxygen to superoxide |
| What is C5a? | A peptide that is a mediator of inflammation by increasing vascular permeability and inducing expression of adhesion molecules; also chemoattractants for phagocytes |
| What is the kinin system? | Enzyme cascade of plasma proteases that is triggered by tissue damage to produce inflammatory mediators (causes pain) |
| What is bradukinin? | A vasoactive peptide that is an inflammatory mediator |
| What is the coagulation system? | A protease cascade triggered in the blood after damage to blood vessels; leads to fibrin clot |
| What is mannose-binding lectin? | a receptor that is present as a free protein in blood plasma; iniatives lectin patthway |
| What is SP-A and SP-D located? | Proteins that coat the epithelial surfaces of the lungs |
| What is the macrophage mannose receptor? | A receptor on phagocytes that binds certain sugars found on bacteria and viruses |
| What are scavenger receptors? | Phagocytic receptors that recognize anionic polymers and acetylated low-density lipoproteins |
| What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) | Innate receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells that recognize pathogens; recognition stumulates production of cytokines |
| What is TLR-4? | An important toll-like receptor in response to common bacterial infections on macrophages |
| What is TLR-2? | A toll-like receptor that signals the presence of different microvial constituents |
| What are NOD proteins? | Receptors in the cytosol that can bind to microbial products and activate NFkB |
| What is the complement system? | A system made up of different plasma proteins that interact with one another to opsonize pathogens and induce inflammatory respobnses |
| What are the ways that the complement system fight infection? | Large number of opsonizing proteins are made in order to encourage phagocytosis, fragments of complement proteins act as chemoattractants to recruit more phagocytes and the complement pathway damages the membrane of some bacteria |
| What is the classical pathway? | Iniatiated by the binding of C1q to the pathogen surface |
| What is the lectin pathway? | Initiated by binding of carbohydrate-binding proteins to arrays of carbohydrates on the pathogen |
| What is the alternative pathway? | Initiated by the binding of spontaneously activated C3 to pathogen |
| What does each pathway in the complement system activate? | C3 convertase into two pieces; |
| What is C3b? | The main effector molecule of the complement system that acts as a eopsonin |
| What is C3a? | A peptide mediator of inflammation |
| What type of interferons does NK cells release? | Type II - important for adaptive immune response |
| What does IFNy do? | Activates CD+ T cells |
| What are ITAMS/ITIMS? | Immunotyrosine activating/inhibiting motif |
| What are the activating receptors of NK cells? | CD16 and cytotoxicity receptors |
| What are the inhibitory receptors of NK cells? | KIR, ILTs, CD94/NKG2 |
| Where are NK T cells found? | thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissue |
| What chains makes up a NK T cell? | Invariant TCR α chain, one of 3 β chain |
| What do NK T cells recognize? | glycolipid antigens |
| What is the purpose of inflammation? | Bring more effector cells to infection, prevent spread of infection and to repair tissue |
| What can cause inflammation? | Complement cascade, wounding and macrophages |
| What triggers the kinin and coagulation system? | Endothelial cell activation |
| What inflammatory mediators do macrophages release? | ProstaglandinsLeukotrienesPlatelet activating factor (PAF) |
| What kinds of receptors bind directly to pathogens? | MBL, macrophase mannose receptor, and scavenger receptors |
| What PAMPS are recognized by PRRs? | dsRNA, unmethylated CpG DNA, N-formylmethione, lipopolysaccharide, teichoic, mannose-rich oligosaccharides |
| What are CCs? | Chemokines with two adjacent cysteines near the amino terminus |
| What are CXCs? | Chemokines with two cysteine residues separated by a single amino acid |
| What is IL-Ib? | A cytokine that activates inflammation, contains infections, is a endogenous pyrogens, and helps in sepsis |
| What is TNF-alpha? | A cytokine that activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability and increas luid drainage to lymph nodes |
| What is CXCL8? | A cytokine with a chemotactic factor that recruits neutrophils, basophils and T cells to site on fection |
| What is IL-12? | A cytokien that activates NK cells and induces differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th1 cells |
| Where are limited γ:δ T cells found? | Intraepithelial |
| Where are highly diverse TCR γ:δ T cells found? | Lymphoid tissue |
| What is unique about γ:δ T cells cells? | Recognize antigens directly without MHC molecule |
| What does B-1 cells produce? | Natural antibodies |
| Where are B-1 cells located? | Peritoneal cavity |
Created by:
onherway10
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