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Microbiology Terms
Chapter 17
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Restriction Enzymes | enzymes produced by bacterial cells that cleave DNA at specific points. They evolved to protect bacteria from viral infection and are used in carrying out genetic engineering |
| Sticky ends | the complementary single-stranded ends of double-stranded DNA that result from cleavage with certain restriction endonuclease enzymes |
| Reverse transcriptase | a multifunctional enzyme used by retroviruses and reverse transcribing DNA viruses during their life cycles |
| Complementary DNA | a DNA copy of an RNA molecule |
| Gel electrophoresis | Gel electrophoresis |
| Southern blotting | the procedure used to isolate and identify DNA fragments from a complex mixture. The isolated, denatured fragments are transferred from an agarose gel to a nylon filter and identified by hybridization with probes |
| Probe | a short, labeled nucleic acid segment complementary in base sequence to part of another nucleic acid that is used to identify or isolate the particular nucleic acid from a mixture through its ability to bind specifically with the target nucleic acid |
| Autoradiography | a procedure that detects radioactively labeled materials using a photographic process |
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | an in vitro technique used to synthesize large quantities of specific nucleotide sequences from small amounts of DNA. It employs oligonucleotide primers complementary to specific sequences in the target gene and special heat stable DNA polymerase (TAQ) |
| DNA amplification | the process of increasing the number of DNA molecules, usually by using polymerase chain reaction |
| Primosomes | a complex of proteins that includes the enzyme primase, which is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primers needed for DNA replication |
| Taq polymerase | a thermostable DNA polymerase used in PCR |
| Cloning vectors | a DNA molecule that can replicate independently of the host chromosome and maintain a piece of inserted foreign DNA such as gene, into a recipient cell |
| Origin of replication | a site on a chromosome or plasmid where DNA replication is initiated |
| Cosmids | a plasmid vector with lambda phage cos sites that can be packaged in a phage capsid; it is useful for cloning large DNA fragments |
| Genomic Library | a collection of clones that contain fragments that represent the complete genome of an organism |
| GFP | a protein from jellyfish that glows when illuminated at a specific wavelength. It is used in the localization of protein |
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