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Chapter 3/4 Test
Hon Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biosphere | part of the Earth which life exists including land, air water, and air or atmosphere; all forms of life are connected |
| Species | a group of similar organisms that can breed fertile offspring |
| Population | a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area |
| Community | interaction of different populations that live in a defined area |
| ecology | the scientific study of interactions among organisms between an organism and its enviorment |
| ecosystem | all of the organisms that live in a place together with their nonliving environment |
| Biome | large geographic areas (a group of ecosystems) that have a particular climate and have particular animal life |
| Biotic Factor | any living part of an environment that an organism might interact with |
| Abiotic Factor | any nonliving part of an environment that an organism might interact with |
| Autotroph | an organism that’s able to capture sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food through inorganic compounds |
| Primary consumer | the second organism in the food chain that eats the producer and get 10% |
| Photosynthesis | a process which plants and other autotrophs capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
| Chemosynthesis | process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates |
| Hetertroph | organism that obtains energy by consuming other things; also called a consumer |
| Consumer | an organism that relies on another organism for its energy and food supple also called heterotroph |
| Carnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating animals |
| Omnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating plants and animals |
| Herbavore | organism that obtains energy by eating only plant |
| Scavenger | animals that consumer the carcasses of other animals |
| Decomposer | organisms that break down and obtain energy from dead organic matter |
| Detritovore | organism that feeds on plants and animals remains and other dead matter Ex: snails and earth words |
| Food Chain | a series of steps in an organism in which an organism transfers energy by eating and being eaten |
| PHTYOPLANKTON | photosynthetic algae found near the surface of the ocean |
| Food Web | network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosystem |
| Zooplankton | small fee-floating animals that form part of the plankton |
| Trophic Level | each step in a food chain or food web |
| ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID | illustrations of the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each tropic level in a given food chain or food web |
| Biomass | total amount of living tissue within a given tropic level |
| Biochemical Cycle | process in which elements, chemical compounds and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of a biosphere to another |
| Nutrient | chemical substance that an organism needs to sustain life |
| Nitrogen Fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compound that plants absorb and use |
| Denitrification | process by which soil bacteria converts nitrates into nitrogen gas |
| Limiting Factor | factor that causes populations growth to decrease |
| Greenhouse Effect | he atmosphere produces a blanket around the earth when greenhouse gases increases they increase the energy because heat and energy can't escape |
| Habitat | the area where organisms live |
| Niche | place it lives plus the abiotic and biotic factors that interactions it has in that place Includes: Where it lives? What it eats? What eats it Where in the habitat it lives? And its actions |
| Competitive Exclusion Principle | no two species can share the same niche |
| KEYSTONE SPECIES | single species that is not usually abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on the structure of the community |
| What is the main source of energy in the Earth? | Sunlight |
| In a food chain, what percent does the autotrophs give the primary consumer? | 10% |
| Some autotrophs can make own food in the ____________________ They use energy stored in ________________ of ______________________to produce carbohydrates = ___________________ | Blank 1: absence of light Black 2: chemical bonds Blank 3: inorganic material Black 4: chymosynthesis Ex. Bacteria that lives in hostile places such as volcanos |
| What always makes up the first stage in a food chains trophic levels | producers |
| If 10% is given to each trophic level, where does the other 90% go? | heat |
| Competition | between same and different kinds of organisms for available resources 1. food 2. shelter 3. mates 4. space/territory 5. light |
| Predation | between different types of organisms that hunt and kill other organisms to supply their energy needs |
| Cooperation | between same kinds of organisms they help each other out |
| symbiosis | between different kinds of organisms live in close association with another kind of organism |
| Resource | anything needed by an organism for life Ex. nutrients, water, light, space..... |
| Interdependance | All living and non-living things in an ecosystem are interconnected and changing even one thing impacts the whole ecosystem. |
| What happens if resources are scarce? | population will decrease |
| What happens if resources are plentiful? | population will increase |
| If a nutrient is in _____________ OR __________________ it will LIMIT the growth of the population = _____________ | Blank 1: short supple Blank 2: cycles slowly Blank 3: limiting factor |
| What happens if there is a decrease in prey population? | Predators will starve and die which means prey n will increase |
| What happens if there is a increase in prey population? | Predator population will increase (cycle repeats) |
| Algal Bloom | When an ecosystem receives a LARGE input of limiting nutrient the population increases dramatically |
| Mutualism | both organism benifeit |
| commensalism | one organism benefits the other is neither harmed or helps |
| Parasitism | one organism benefits the other is harmed in some way |
| Herbivory | the interaction between the herbivore and the producer |
| Ecological Succession | the series of gradual changes that occur in a community following a disturbance |
| primary succession | succession that occurs in an area where there is no trace of another community present |
| Pioneer Species | first species to populate an area during a succession |
| Secondary Succession | type of succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances |
| What are the 4 biochemical cycles? | 1. water 2. nitrogen 3. phosphorous 4. carbon |
| What is cycle in which photosynthesis and cellular respiration partcipate | Oxygen Cycle |
| What is only cycle that does not pass through the atmosphere | Phosphorus Cycle |
| What is the cycle that involves transpiration | water cycle |
| What is the cycle that is dependent on nitrogen fixation and denitrification? | Nitrogen Cycle |
| What is the cycle the volcanic activity and burning fossil fuel play a role? | Carbon Cycle |
| What is another name for water cycle? | Hydrolodic Cycle |
| Evaporation | process which liquid turns into gas |
| Condensation | process which gas turns to liquid |
| Transpiration | process which water from the top of the leaves or the stoma evaporate |
| What is the group of organisms that all cycles have in common which keeps matter cycling between living (organic) and nonliving (inorganic parts of an ecosystem | Decomposers |
| Where does carbon dioxide come from? | 1. volcanic activity 2. human activity 3. cellular repiration 4. decomposition |
| What are the 4 main carbon reservoirs in the biosphere | 1. the atmosphere-carbon dioxide 2. the ocean-dissolved carbon dioxide gas 3. on land in organism, rocks, and soil 4. Underground-fossil fuels |
| What are 4 atoms that make up 95% of the body? | Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorous and sulfur |
| Biochemical Cycle | the same atoms are passed around and around in the biosphere |
| Why is phosphorous so important? | 1. Makes DNA & RNA 2. Transfers energy as ATP 3. Helps phospholipids in the cell membrane 4. Acts as a nutrient as a limiting factor controls sizes of population |
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