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Earth Science Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Geology | the study of the Earth |
| Physical Geology | study of Earth's materials, such as minerals and rocks, and the changes that occur |
| Historical Geology | history of the planet and its like forms from its origin to present |
| Oceanography | study of the oceans and ocean phenomena |
| Astronomy | study of the universe |
| Meterology | study of atmosphere including studies of weather and climate |
| Physical Environment | "nonliving" parts of the environment, water, air, soil and rock |
| Earth Resources | usable Earth material |
| Renewable Resources | can be replenished over relatively short time spans, inlcudes plants and animals for food and etc. |
| Nonrenewable Resources | form or accumulate over such a long time span that they must be considered as fixed in total, metals, oil, natural gas and coal |
| World Population | around 6.684 billion |
| Environmental Problems | air pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming |
| Minerals | naturally occuring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystalline structure |
| Elements | fundamental components, cannot be broken down to simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes |
| Atoms | fundamental units of elements |
| Nucleus | positively charged center of mass |
| Electrons | with no mass and a negative charge |
| Chemical Reactions | filling of the outer shells of electrons |
| Ions | charged atoms |
| Ionic bonding | cations and anions attract one another |
| Covalent Bonding | sharing of electrons between atoms |
| Metallic Bonding | outer shell electrons travel freely from atom to atom |
| Compound | chemical combination of two or more elements |
| Crystal Structure | orderly arrangement of atoms |
| Unit Cell | smallest repeating group, shape of unit cell determines crystal form |
| Crystal Faces | external manifestations of crystalline structure, must have space to grow |
| Silicate Minerals | most abundant chemical group, about 90% of the Earth's crust |
| Rock-forming Minerals | common minerals that combine easily to create rocks |
| Important Silicates | feldspar, quartz |
| Nonsilicates | carbonates, sulfates, sulfides, halides, oxides, phosphates |
| Native Elements | gold, silver, copper, sulfur, graphite, diamond |
| Ore | waste minerals (gangue) that can be legally extractede as a given time |
| Critical Minerals | necessary to the economy of a country |
| Strategic Minerals | fuel or nonfuel minerals vital to the industry and defense of a country |
| Surface Mining | remove soil, subsoil, and other strata |
| Subsurface Mining | extract a metal ora or fuel resource |
| Smelting | separate desired mineral from the other elements in an ore mineral |
| Acid Mine Drainage | occurs when aerobic bacteria produce sulfuric acid from sulfide minerals in spoils piles |
| Rocks | naturally formed substances composed of minerals |
| Rock Cycle | all rocks are continually cubject to change and can be transformed into other rocks through geologic process |
| Igneous Rocks | crystallize directly from magma, most abundant rocks witin the Earth (about 95% of all rocks) |
| Parent Magmas | most important magmas that form igneous rocks, include magma of basalt and granite composition |
| Bowen's Reaction Series | crystallization sequence of minerals in an igneous melt |
Created by:
penguin_312
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