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Chapter 11
Genetic Variation Within Populations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gene Pool | Where the alleles are combined of all of the individuals in a population |
| Allele Frequency | A measure of how common a certain allele is in the population |
| Two sources of genetic variation | Mutations and Recombinations |
| Normal Distribution | The frequency is highest near the mean value and decreases toward each extreme end of the range |
| Microevolution | observable change in the allele frequencies of a population over time |
| Directional Selection | Favors phenotypes at one extreme of a trait's range |
| Stabilizing Selection | the intermediate phenotype is favored and becomes more common in a population |
| Disruptive Selection | both extreme phenotypes are favored, while individuals with intermediate phenotypes are selected against by something in nature |
| Gene Flow | the movement of alleles from one population to another |
| Genetic Drift | change in allele frequencies due to chance alone; most common in small populations |
| Bottleneck Effect | a genetic drift that occurs after an event greatly reduces the size of a population |
| Founder Effect | a genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area |
| Sexual Selection | certain traits increase mating success |
| Two types of sexual selection | Intrasexual(competition among males) and Intersexual(male display of traits to attract females) |
| Reproductive Isolation | when members of different populations can no longer mate successfully with one another |
| Speciation | the rise of two or more species from one existing species |
| Behavioral Isolation | caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors |
| Geographic Isolation | involves physical barriers that divide a population into two or more groups |
| Temporal Isolation | when timing prevents reproduction between populations |
| Convergent Evolution | evolution toward similar features in unrelated species |
| Divergent Evolution | closely related species that evolve in different directions (Darwin's finches) |
| Coevolution | species that evolve in response to changes in each other |
| Background extinction | extinctions that occur at a continual low rate |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | episodes of speciation occur suddenly in geologic time and are followed by long periods of little evolutionary change |
| Adaptive Radiation | the diversification of one ancestral species into many descendent species |
| Main causes of microevolution | Genetic drift, natural selection, gene flow, mutation |
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