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Biology Test 2/27/14
Test over passive and active transport, diffusion, osmosis, etc.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are 4 properties of water? | It is adhesive, cohesive, has a high specific heat, and is a universal solvent. |
| What is adhesion? Give an example. | Adhesion is when water is attracted to molecules of other substances. For example, when water is traveling up a tree for photosynthesis and transpiration, it adheres to the xylem so it can reach the leaves. |
| What is cohesion? Give an example. | Cohesion is when molecules of water are attracted to other molecules of water. For example, it will attach to itself when traveling up the xylem so that it will make it to the leaves for photosynthesis and transpiration. |
| What is specific heat of water? Give an example of why it is good. | The high specific heat means it does not fluctuate temperature quickly. If a pond is frozen over and the air temperature suddenly spikes to above freezing (60 degrees) it will not melt all in one day so it won't kill living things in the water. |
| What is a universal solvent? Give examples of solutes produced. | A universal solvent means it dissolves more substances than any other liquid. For example it will dissolve salt or sugar. |
| WHat does it mean to say water has high surface tension? | The molecules cohere strongly to each other and create a skin like surface. |
| Why does water expand when it freezes? | The hydrogen bonds get stronger and space out causing a crystalline structure. |
| Concentration gradient | Difference in the concentration of a substance across a space. |
| Diffusion | Movement of a substance's concentration gradient. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of a water molecule through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Turgor pressure | The pressure on a cell wall when water causes it to swell. |
| Hypertonic | Causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis. |
| Plasmolysis | Water leaving a cell, causing it to lose pressure. |
| Substances that can pass through cell membranes by diffusion? | Oxygen or water. |
| Paramecium's contractive vacuole should be active when? | In a hypotonic environment. |
| A red blood cell in a hypotonic environment will? | Undergo cytolysis (explode). |
| Facilitated diffusion is often used to transport what? | Molecules that are not soluble in lipids. |
| Na+ ions enter cells how? | Diffusing through Na+ ion channels. |
| What happens to the movement of molecules at equilibrium? | Molecules continue to move but there is no concentration gradient. |
| How do carrier proteins transport substances across cell membranes? | They move substances into the protein, bond to the molecules and change shape to cover the hydrophobic interior of a cells phospholipid bilayer. |
| What types of stimuli can cause the gates on ion channels to open or close? | The cell membrane stretching, electrical signals, and chemicals in cytosol. |
| Active Transport | movement of a substance through cell membrane up concentration gradient with energy required. |
| Endocytosis | When a cell surrounds and completely covers a substance by pinching off a portion of the membrane to encase it, creating a sort of vesicle. |
| Vesicle | A membrane surrounded organelle in a cell that transports substances within the cell. |
| Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which a cell surrounds a huge particle, or full cell. |
| Facilitated-diffusion carrier proteins can cell-membrane pumps both what? | Are specific for the kinds of substances they transport. |
| The sodium-potassium pump transports what? | Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. |
| The energy needed to power the sodium-potassium pump is provided by the what? | Removal of a phosphate group from ATP. |
| Pinocytosis involves the transport of what? | Fluids into the cell. |
| Exocytosis is a what? | Way for cells to release large molecules, such as proteins. |
| Why is the sodium-potasium transport mechanism called a pump? | They move substances up their concentration gradient. |
| Explain how phagocytes destroy bacteria. | It takes in the bacteria and fuses the lysosome to the vesicle surrounding the bacteria. That allows the enzymes in the lysosome to destroy the bacteria. |
| Describe how a cell produces and releases proteins. | Cells produce proteins in the ribosomes by sequencing amino acids together. They then are taken to the golgi body where they are engulfed in vesicles that fuse to the cell membrane and release the protein. |
| Why are ions being transported across a membrane shielded from the interior of the lipid bilayer? | Because the lipid bilayer is hydrophobic and charged ions are unable to get through. |
| On which side of the membrane are Na+ ions released from the pump? | Outside. |
| On which side of the membrane are K+ ions released from the pump? | Inside. |
| Calvin cycle | a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which CO2 is converted into carbohydrates, a 3-carbon sugar |
| Carbon fixation | the incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds |
| stoma | liquid inside the chloroplast that the calvin cycle takes place in |
| C4 pathway | biochemical pathway in which CO2 is fixed into 4 carbon compounds |
| CAM pathway | biochemical pathway in certain plants in which CO2 is incorporated into organic acids at night and released for fixation in Calvin cycle during the day. Prevents water loss. Example: pineapple. |
| The calvin cycle begins when CO2 combines with a five-carbon carbohydrate called what? | RuBP |
| For every three molecules of CO2 that enter the calvin cycle, the cycle produces six molecules of what? | 3-PGA |
| Organic compounds that can be made from the products of the calvin cycle include what? | Carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. |
| C3 and C4 plants differ in terms of the number of what? | carbon atoms in the compounds that CO2 is initially incorporated into. |
| As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis does what? | initially increases and then levels off |
| How many molecules of ATP and NADPH are used in a single turn of the Calvin cycle? | 3 ATP and 2 NADPH |
| How do CAM plants differ from C3 and C4 plants? | CAM plants open their stomata at night rather than day. |
| Why does the rate of photosynthesis increase, peak, and decrease as temperature increases? | It accelerates the chemical reactions but then it stops, and the enzymes and become unstable. Also the stomata start to close. |
| How do the granum and stroma interact? | the granum are the stacks of thylakoids inside the chloroplast and the stroma is the liquid surrounding them |
| How do chloropyll and carotenoids interact? | Chlorophyll a collects different colors of light than the carotenoids, who assist in capturing the energy from the sun. |
| How do chemiosmosis and ATP synthase interact? | chemiosmosis moves protons down their concentration gradient through the ATP synthase to create ATP |
| Chlorophyll a is what? | absorbs orange-red and blue-violet light |
| The photosystems and electron transport chain are located in the what? | thylakoid membrane |
| Both photosystem 1 and photosystem 2 do what? | contain chlorophyll a molecules |
| Water participates directly in the light reactions of photosynthesis by what? | donating electrons to photosystem 2 |
| The energy that is used to establish the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane comes from the what? | splitting of water |
| Why is photosynthesis reffered to as a biochemical pathway? | photosynthesis involves many chemical reactions and products of one reaction are reactants of the next reaction |
| How does the structure of a chloroplast enable it to build up a concentration gradient of protons? | inner membrane system made of thylakoids pumping of protons into the thylakoids will build up a proton concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane |
| What are the energy-carrying end products of the light harvesting reactions? | ATP and NADPH |
| What is the function of accessory pigments? | they absorb the light wavelengths that chlorophyll a cannot absorb, allowing the plant to capture more energy from the sun. |
| What are photosynthesis's reactants? | carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, nutrients. |
| What are the holes in leaves? | stomata |
| What is the equation for photosynthesis? | 12H2O+6CO2+sunlight-> C6H12O6+^H2O+6O2 |
| Would a plant live if all oxygen was removed? | No, because cellular respiration in plants requires oxygen. |
| During photosynthesis energy changes forms. What type of energy is created? | Chemical energy |
| What is the range in wavelengths of visible light? | 400nm-700nm |
| Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis? | Chloroplasts |
| What are the stacks of membranes inside the chloroplast? | grana |
| What is the semiliquid substance inside the chloroplast? | stroma |
| From what molecule does photosystem 2 get its replacement electrons from? | water |
| What is the process of photosynthesis at a molecular level? | Sunlight and electrons in water make ATP and oxygen. ATP and NADPH make molecules with a carbon base that give energy to plants and animals that eat them. |
| What is the role of NADPH in photosynthesis? | Ut is used to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere by making carbon based molecules. Supplies energy for calvin cycle. |
| What are the two main stages of photosynthesis? | Light and dark |
| What happens when light strikes pigments? | it is reflected through molecules to a reaction center where it begins a chain reaction. |
| What type of bond does water have? | covalent, hydrogen atoms share electrons with oxygen. weak bond. |
| what does cholesterol do? | it prevents the cell membrane from being too fluid |
| peripheral protein | located on the inside and outside of a cell |
| Integral protein | extend across the membrane and is exposed on both the inside and outside of the cell (channel type cell) |
| What are ion channels? | Narrow shaped tube that makes a tiny pore in the membrane. let certain ions in. |
| Do ion channels require energy? | No. |
| What do carrier proteins do? | They carry proteins that are too large to fit through the ion channels into the cell. |
| Do carrier proteins require energy? | They can be active or passive transport. |
| what do receptor site proteins do? | hold signal molecules (ligands) they process ligands messages. |
| Where are receptor site proteins located? | on the outside of the membrane? |
| Fluid mosaic model | Fluid: parts of membrane can move laterally within the membrane Mosaic: different substances in the membrane make a pattern on the surface. |
| What is brownian motion? | matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant motion |
| How do molecules move? | constantly, randomly and from areas of high concentration to low concentration. |
| How does the concentration gradient affect motion of particles? | they move from areas of high concentration to low concentration and the bigger the concentration gradient the faster they move. |
| What is equilibrium? | it is when the concentration gradient is the same everywhere. |
| What affects diffusion? | the charge of molecules (no charge dissolves easily in the lipid bilayer, concentration, temperature, and pressure. |
| How does charge affect diffusion? | non charged ions disolve easily into the lipid bilayer while charged ions need energy to move through the membrane. |
| How does concentration affect diffusion? | the higher the concentration gradient, the higher the rate of diffusion |
| How does temperature affect diffusion? | an increase in temperature increases the rate of diffusion |
| How does pressure affect diffusion? | an increase in pressure means an increase in diffusion rate. |
| Does passive transport require energy? | No. |
| What types of molecules move with diffusion? | small ones like water, oxygen or carbon dioxide |
| What is it called when water diffuses? | osmosis |
| What causes a cell to swell? | Hypotonic solution |
| What causes a cell to shrink? | Hypertonic solution |
| What environment doesn't affect a cell? | Isotonic solution |
| Why does the environment affect the diffusion? | Water moves to areas of great solute concentration |
| What is facilitated transport? | a form of passive transport in which molecules that are too large to cross the membrane by diffusion are carried by carrier proteins or channel proteins. |
| How do molecules move in active transport? | against the concentration gradient |
| Does active transport require energy? | Yes. |
| How much energy is spent on active transport? | 40% |
| Why does so much energy go to active transport? | it maintains internal environment |
| How does active transport move substances? | proteins and protein pumps. |
| What are endocytosis and exocytosis for? | substances that are too large for active and passive transport. |
| What is a phagocytosis? | solids |
| Pinocytosis? | Liquids |
| What is sun energy? | The amount of sunlight that reaches earth each day (equivalent to 1 million atomic bombs) |
| What is stage one of photosynthesis? | capture energy from the sun, absorb water, and break down to release oxygen. |
| What is stage two of photosynthesis? | energy makes ATP and NADPH |
| What is stage three of photosynthesis? | ATP and NADPH carry energy along the thylakoid membrane to the stroma. |
| What is stage 4 of photosynthesis? | Sugar is produced - CO2 reduction |
| How are electrons obtained in photosynthesis? | by removing the hydrogen atoms from water and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere |
| What do pigments do? | They absorb light of particular wavelengths |
| Why do pigments absorb light? | so the electrons receive an energy boost. |
| What color light does Chlorophyll absorb? | Red and blue. |
| What color does chlorophyll reflect? | Green. |
| What color light do carotenoids reflect? | yellows and oranges |
| where is chlorophyll located? | chloroplasts |
| Why do leaves turn orange in fall? | the chlorophyll in the leaves starts to break down before the carotenoids that reflect yellows and oranges, so the leaves look orange and yellow. |
| What does chloro mean? | green |
| what does phyll mean? | leaves |
| What does photo mean? | light |
| what does synthesis mean? | to make |
| what is stage three of photosynthesis called? | the calvin cycle |
| Where does the calvin cycle take place? | in the stroma |
| what does the energy flow of a cell depend on? | passing excited electrons from one carrier to another |
| How does chlorophyll end up with hydrogen? | it loses an electron that is replaced with hydrogen |
| do electrons lose energy as they move from carrier to carrier? | yes |
| what is the electrons lost energy used to do? | pump protons into the interior of the thlyakoids until it is filled, then they diffuse, creating energy by the force created. |
| How does ADP become ATP? | It uses energy created by protons diffusing out of the cell to add a phosphate group to ADP. |
| Where does the energy used to fuel the Calvin cycle come from? | ATP and NADPH |
| What does the calvin cycle do? | it created carbohydrates and other organic molecules for energy. |
| What is a producer? | They make their own food. |
| What are the three stages of cellular respiration? | Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron Transport chain. |
| What is glycolysis? | the breakdown of large macromolecules into simple subunits. |
| What are the products of glycolysis? | 2 ATP and pyruvic acid. |
| What happens in the Krebs cycle? | The subunits are turned into acetyl CoA, ATP and NADPH. |
| What happens in the Electron Transport Chain | creates a lot of ATP and oxidizes acetyl CoA into CO2 and H2O |
| what is the reactant of glycolysis? | glycose/sugar |
| What is an ancient process still used by all living things? | Glycolysis |
| What does NAD+ turn into during glycolysis? | NADH |
| What happens to stripped electrons from hydrogen atoms? | they are added to NAD+ |
| Does fermentation require oxygen? | no |
| What happens in fermentation? | electrons and hydrogen are carried by NADH to pyruvic acids and turn into carbon dioxide and ethanol. |
| What is pyruvic acid changed to in some organisms? | lactic acid |
| Does oxidative respiration require oxygen? | yes |
| Where does oxidative respiration take place? | mitochondria |
| Does oxidative respiration or fermentation make more ATP? | oxidative respiration |
| what happens if a ell does not need ATP? | it is stored as fat. |
| What happens if a call need more energy? | it enters the Krebs cycle |
| What are the products of the Krebs cycle? | 1 ATP, 2 CO2 and NADH |
| what do the electrons in NADH pass through? | electron transport chain |
| How is energy created in the Krebs cycle? | the movement of the protons diffusing adds a phosphate group to ADP, creating ATP. |
| What joins with water to make water? | protons and spent electrons |
| Feedback inhibition | slow or stop an early reaction by having a high concentration of product |
| What is the equation of cellular respiration? | C6H12O6+6O2->6CO2+6H2O+energy |
| What is the opposite of cellular respiration? | photosynthesis |
| does anaerobic respiration or aerobic make more energy? | aerobic |
| What is respiration without oxygen? | anaerobic |
| Where does glycolysis occur? | cytoplasm |
| How is energy made in glycolysis? | energy to make energy |
| Where does the Krebs cycle take place? | mitochondrial matrix |
| what is a byproduct of the krebs cycle? | CO2 |
| What is a product of the Krebs cycle? | 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2 ATP |
| How much energy can one glucose molecule make? | 36-38 ATP |
| Where does the ETC take place? | christae of mitochondria |
| What is the final electron acceptor? | oxygen |
| What does ATP synthase do? | helps create ATP by moving protons along a concentration gradient through a rotor |
| Why is photosynthesis important? | it creates sugars for plants and people, it creates oxygen. |
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