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immunology test 2
antigens, blood antigens, antibodies, MHC, Ig genes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ability to stimulate an immune response | immunogenicity |
| ability to bind with products of immune response, but does not produce said products | antigenicity |
| small molecules that exhibit antigenicity on their own, a protein carrier is needed to stimulate Ab production. | Hapten |
| 5 characteristics of complete antigens: | 1)protein/ polysaccharide make-up, 2) foreignness, 3)molecular weight, 4) chemical comp and complexity, 5) antigen processing and antigen presenting |
| 3 factors to mount an immune response | 1) admin method 2)adjuvant, 3)genetic make-up |
| idotypic antigenic determinants are found: | variable regions of light and heavy chains |
| this Ig is a monomer, crosses the placenta, and is 80% of Ig found in tissues | IgG |
| This Ig is the first produced in response to an Ag, it is primarily in the serum but can be found in mucosal surfaces, 5-10% of serum Ig, it forms pentamers, its monomer serves as a BCR | IgM |
| These Ig have 4 constant regions and no hinge area | IgM, IgE |
| This Ig monomer is the 2nd most abundant in humans 10-15% of serum Ig, it has a secretory form found mostly in secretions. | IgA |
| This Ig is associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections. it sensitizes basophils and mast cells. it has no subclasses, only a monomer form and does not cross the placenta | IgE |
| this Ig is bound to b cell membranes and serves as BCR, monomer, no subclass, and does not cross the placenta | IgD |
| Definition: Ab transported onto mucosal surfaces into mild secretions; across placenta | transcytosis of Ab |
| 2 Igs associated with ADCC | IgG, IgA |
| Rh- produces what type of antibodies | IgG |
| IgM is what % of serum Ig? | 5-10% |
| Pepsin digestions produces: | f(ab)2 |
| this type of antigenic determinant is found on the constant region, therefore is the same across a species | isotypic |
| this type of antigenic determinant is found as small variations of the light chains | allotypic |
| this type of antigenic determinant is found on the variable region of the heavy and or light chains | idiotypical |
| is a complement of the shape of the epitope | paratope |
| these antibodies opsonize | IgG, IgM, IgA |
| these antibodies activate classical pathways | IgG (subclasses), IgM better because it has 5Fc regions and 10 Fab regions |
| 5 functions of Fc receptors | OCRAM opsonization complement activation regulation of Ab production ADCC Mast/ basophil sensitization |
| transfers Ab from mother's milk across epithelium to small intestine, maintains IgG and albumin concentrations, transfer IgG from mother to fetus | FcRN |
| on basolateral epithelial surface along mucosa, become secretory components, receptor mediated endocytosis of sIgA and IgM | poly-Ig receptor |
| Which MHC class is it: found mainly on professional antigen presenting cells; dendridic cells, b-cells, macrophages | MHC II |
| Which MHC class is it: soluble proteins (not membrane bound) function to stimulate inflammation and the complement pathway | MHC III |
| Which MHC class is it: binds to peptides 8-10 amino acids in its closed binding site, when it is expressed by IFN- α,β,γ and TFN-α | MHC I |
| which MHC class is it: DP DQ DR, binds peptides 13-28 amino acids long in its open binding sites. It has decreased expression w/ corticosteroids and prostaglandins | MHC II |
| 2 functions of Fab portion of Ab | agranulation and toxin and pathogen neutralization |
| A blood type had _____ antigens and _____ antibodies | A, B |
| Which MHC class is it: HLA-A, B, C found on almost all nucleated cells | MHC I |
| this molecule presents non-peptide bacterial Ag, such as lipids and glcolipids, it is similar in structure to MHC-I | CD1 |
| which theory? states Ab already on cells before ever being exposed to Ag | selective theory aka side chain theory |
| Which theory? Ag acts as a template for Ab to fold around | instructional theory |
| which theory? Ag selects the lymphocyte that has a specific receptor, then lymphocytes proliferate. b cells secrete Ab similar to membrane receptor, b cells produce one type of Ab, T cells have different fx after selected by antigen | clonal selection theory |
| which theory? DNA inherited from germ cells contained all codes for all Ab | germ line theory |
| Which theory? inherited DNA has small amount of codes that recombine and mutate in lymphocytes to produce all Ab | somatic-variation aka somatic theory aka somatic hypermutation |
| Which theory? two genes code for Ab, one for all constant region one for variable region | two-gene theory |
| # of segments that code for light chains | 3: V and J for variable region and C for constant region |
| # of segments that code for heavy chains | 4: V, D, and J for variable regions and C for constant region |
| Ig gene segments rearrange | from one parent only to insure only one type v-j, v-j-d rearrangement: one of 40(ish) V segments combined to one of 4 J segments with assistance of RSS and RAG |
| non-coding regions | introns |
| b cell maturation | in bone marrow, gene segments rearrange, each B cell only makes Ab to one eipitope therefore only contains genes to make those variable regions but can make other constant regions for class changing |
| DNA sequence next to V and J segments help with alignment of V gene segment next to J gene segment | RSS- recombination signal sequences |
| exon | expressed region of DNA, has a code for protein |
| variable region of heavy chain | 38-41 gene segments, code for AA 1-101 of 110, has leader segment |
| leader segment | codes for AA to get peptide through endoplasmic reticulum |
| Diversity region of heavy chain | 30 different segments, codes for AA 102-106 of 110 in variable region, increase possibilities of recombined genes |
| joining gene segment of heavy chain | 6 functional segments, codes for AA 107-123, terminal portion of variable region |
| constant heavy chain | 8 segments, determines Ab class, |
| Joining gene segment of κ light chain | 4 segments, codes for 15 AA 98-110, some are not functional- pseudogene |
| variable gene segments for κ light chain | 40 gene segments, code for AA 1-97, also has leader segment |
| constant gene segment for κ light chain | 1 gene segment codes AA 111-214 |
| summary of mechanisms of Ab diversity | multiple germ lines V gene segments exist at heavy (v,j,d) and light chain (v,j) loci; these are combined with one another to provide a large diversity |
| P (palindromic) necleotides | added to DNA rto fill in single-stranded pieces during joining of D-J or V-J variable segments when strands are uneven |
| where do heavy and light chains join? | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| junctional flexibility | variations in recombinations of v-d, d-j, and v-j; exonuclease trimming results in loss of coding triplet therefore loss of AA in variable region of heavy chain, some are non-functional |
| N- nucleotides | added in heavy chains between D-J or V(D-J) |
| somatic hypermutation | during b-cell proliferation after exposure to Ag, results in different v-gene sequences some with higher affinity(affinity maturation), some with lower affinity and some non-functional, therefore a diverse population of memory cells |
| synthesis of Ab after Ig rearrangement | transcription of DNA from primary RNA --> RNA transcripted processed to make functional mRNA --> translation of mRNA at ribosome to make light and heavy chains --> combination of light and heavy chains in endoplasmic reticulum |
Created by:
kaFoster
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