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fluid balance
Stack #150376
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| type of edema that is reflection of cellular injury and altered cell membrane peremability | intracellular edema |
| type of edema that reflects a distrubance in normal hemodynamic forces or injury to the vesses | intersititial edema |
| Where does exchange of fluid between plasma and interstitial tissues occur | microcirculation/capillary beds |
| pressure in the interstitial space is referred to as | osmotic pressure |
| They hydrostatic pressure(intravascular) & Osmotic pressure of (interstitial) are influenced by what? | sodium content |
| What does the hydrostatic(intravascular) and osmotic(interstitial) pressures cause | fluid to leave the microvascluature to enter the interstitial space |
| Oncotic pressure(intravascular) is influenced primarly by | albumin |
| the pressure required to prevent osmosis through a semi permeable membrane. | osmotic pressure |
| Osmotic pressure is proportional to the | osmolarity of solution |
| osmotic pressure due to the presence of colloids in a solution | oncotic pressure |
| the tissue fluid pressure against which osmosis has to achieve a positive gradient, if small molecules are to pass the cell membrane and be absorbed | hydrostatic pressure |
| this pressure drives fluid out of capillaries | hydrostatic |
| an increasr in total body Na due to excesive salt intake, body not absorbing or excreating NA | increased osmotic pressure of the intersititial fluid. |
| What can increased osmotic pressure of the intersititial fluid lead to | generalized edema |
| a decrease in the serum albumin can cause | decreased oncotic pressure of the plasma protein |
| A decreased ion serum albuminm will produce what symptom | generalized edema |
| What two fluid pressures could cause generalized edema | increased osmotic of intersititial & decreased oncotic of plasma protein |
| What could cause a decreased oncotic pressure of plasma protein | decrease in serum albumin or excessive album loss with glomerulopathy, enteropathy |
| Pressure gradient that leads to a localized edema and involves increased hydrostatic pressure on venous side of vascular bed. | increased hydrostatic pressure of the intravascular fluid |
| what does increased hydrostatic pressure of the intravascular fluid result from? | interference with or obstruction to benous blood flow |
| Pressure gradient that produces localized edema and is result of lyph obstruction | obstruction of lymphatic drainage |
| type of pressure gradient that is a result of injury to the endothelial cells | increased capillary permeability |
| What is increased capilary permeability in response to | inflammation, immunologic reactions or tissue injury with localized edema |
| What pressure gradient is a blister in resone to | increased capillary permeablity. |
| two types of edema fluid | transudate & exudate |
| Protien poor edema fluid that develops from imbalances in teh normal hemodynamic forces | transudate |
| Type of edema fluid seen with CHF, liver disease, renal disese and GI disorders | transudate |
| Protein rich edema fluid | exudate |
| This type of edema fluid is generally the result of endothelial damage and alteration of vascular permeability. | exudate |
| type of disorder tht refers to decreased blood flow in veins, venules, and capillarys | vascular congestion |
| What is vascular congestion due to | impaired venous drainage |
| A bluish discoloration of tissue due to accumulation of reduced hemoglobin. | vascular congestion |
| What is a common accompainiment of congeswtion | edema |
| Where is the chronic effects of vascular congestion seen? | liver, lungs and spleen |
| Term refered to increased blood flow through dilated arteries, arteroles and capillary beds | vascular hyperemica |
| Clinically, results in incresed warmth and redness in affected tissue | vascular hypermia |
| Term referring to clinical condition manifested by numerous signs and symptoms that arise when the heart is no longer able to maintain normal cardic output | heart failure |
| What are the S&S of heart failure generally due to | hypoic and congestive effects on organs and tissues other than the heart itself. |
| When does left sided heart failure occur | when the left ventricle is unable to maintain adequate cardia output |
| What will be auscultated with left sided heart failure | pulmonary rales |
| What is the cliical manifestation of left heart failure | pulmonary in orgin, easy fatigability, SOB DOE and paroxysmal noctural dyspnea, orthopnea and cough |
| When does right sided heart failure occur | when the right side of the heart is unable to maintain adequate bentricular output to the lungs. |
| What is Right sided heart failure usually due to? | inability to overcome an increase in pulmonary arterial pressures. |
| Distinct sign of Right sided heart failure | engorgement and distension of neck veins |
| What might enforgement and distention of neck veins lead to | cerebral congestion and hypoxia, resulting in irritability, restlessness and stupor |
| Passive congestion of liver is sign of which type of heart failure | right |
| Portal hyypertension is a sign of which type of heart failure | right |
| Dependent pitting edema is a sign of what type of heart failure | right |
| easy fatigability is a sign of what type of heart failure | left |
| SOB is a sign of what type of heart failure | left |
| DOE dyspnea on exertion is a sign of what type of heart failure | left |
| PND paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | sign of left sided heart failure |
| Orthopnea | sign of left sided heart failure |
| cough is sign of what type of heart failure | left |
| Heart failure that manifest itself as pulmonary | left |
| Increased body weight is sign of what type of heart failure | right |
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