Save
Upgrade to remove ads
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or
Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
edit
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Blood Banking Ch4-5

Practice for Blood Banking chapts 4-5

QuestionAnswer
Who discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900? Karl Landsteiner
Landsteiner's rule states that healthy individuals possess ABO __ to the blood group antigens absent from their RBCs. antibodies
Most antibodies to ABO antigens are of what type? IgM (some are IgG, though)
ABO antigens can be detected in the embryo how long after gestation? 5-6 weeks
Newborns only have partially developed __. antigens
How old must a child be before full expression of antigens occurs? 2-4 years old
ABO antigens can be found on RBC membranes or in __ __. body fluids
What is the most common blood type? O
Genes at what 3 loci influence the occurrence and location of ABO antigens? 1. ABO 2. H 3. Se
The presence or absence of the ABH antigens on the RBC membrane is controlled by what gene? H gene
The presence or absence of the ABH antigens in secretions is influence by which gene? Se gene
Which phenotype lacks the H antigen? Bombay phenotype
The __ chain is the basic precursor for several RBC antigens, including A,B,H. oligosaccharide chain
The oligosaccharide chain is attached to a __ or __ carrier molecule. protein or lipid
The H gene codes for a __ enzyme. glucosyltransferase
The H gene codes for a glucosyltransferase enzyme that transfers the immunodominant sugar, __, to the terminal sugar of the oligosaccharide chain. L-fucose
What antigen is the foundation for the A and/or B antigens? H antigen
The sugar for the H antigen is called ? L-Fucose
The sugar for the A antigen is called ? N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
The sugar for the B antigen is called ? D-Galactosyltransferase
Which blood type has the most H antigen present? O
Which blood type has the least H antigen present? A1B
The Bombay phenotype lacks the __ antigen. H
To distinguish A1 from A2, red cells with the lectin __ __ will be used. Dolichose biflorus
Dolichose biflorus agglutinates with which A subgroup? A1
Why is it important to ID subgroups of blood-types? If a weak subgroup is missed, it could still cause a transfusion reaction.
One way to catch weak subgroups is by __. crossmatching
ABO antibodies are not stimulated by RBCs. They are __ __. naturally occurring
What 4 groups of people cannot always be successfully backtyped? 1. geriatrics 2. babies 3. highly immunocompromised 4. cancers patients (lymphoma/leukemia)
Most A and B antibodies are of the __ type. IgM (immunoglobulin M)
Most O antibodies (anti-A,B, and AB) are of the __ type. IgG
Will blood of the A1 subgroup agglutinate with A2? No
Will anti-AB cross-react with A and B antigens? Yes
What is tested when reverse typing? serum or plasma
What is tested when front typing? cell suspension
During plasma transfusions, which group is the universal donor? AB
During RBC transfusions, which group is the universal donor? O
During plasma transfusion which group is the universal recipient? O
During RBC transfusions, which group is the universal recipient? AB
When transfusing whole blood, the donor and recipient types must be __. identical/same
When transfusing RBCs, the donor and recipient types must be __. compatible
When transfusing plasma, the donor and recipient types must be the __ or AB unless the recipient is type O. same
When transfusing plasma to someone who is type O, the donor blood must be of what type? O,A,B,AB
What is an ABO discrepancy? When the front and back typing disagree.
What 3 things can cause a blood typing to show a discrepancy? 1. Agglutination is weak 2. Expected reactions are missing 3. Extras reactions are noted
Most blood typing errors are __ in nature. clerical
When a hidden antigen on the RBCs is exposed and reacts with most human sera, this is called __. polyagglutination
How do you compensate for polyagglutination? saline
If your total protein is above __, rouleaux will occur. 13 (normal is 6-8)
A gelatinous contaminant in cord blood is called ? Wharton's jelly
Mixed-field reactions occur when you have __ and __ cells involved in the reaction. agglutinated and unagglutinated
Name 3 causes of mixed-field reactions. 1. 2 cells populations 2. marrow transplant 3. stem cell recipient
4 causes of extra antibodies that effect reverse typing include? 1. anti-A1 2. cold alloantibodies 3. cold autoantibodies 4. Rouleaux
Antibodies specific for human RBC antigens that react at room temp or below are called? cold alloantibodies
Antibodies specific for autologous antigens that react at room temp or below are called? cold autoantibodies
An excess of serum protein that causes cells to clump together in rows is called? rouleaux
Missing or weak antibodies will show weak or negative agglutination during what phase of testing? reverse
Acquired B discrepancy: Patients with weak (1+) anti-B reactions but strong (4+) reverse typing B reactions. How do you fix this discrepancy? Test with autologous RBCs (should be negative)
B(A) phenotype discrepancy: Patients with weak (1+) anti-A reactions but strong anti-B and A1 reverse reactions (4+); how do you fix this discrepancy? Test with monoclonal anti-A from other manufacturer.
Subgroup of A discrepancy: Patient's whose only pos reaction is of the reverse type (A1 or B); how do you fix this discrepancy? Incubate for longer or repeat test with anti-AB.
Group B transfused with Group O RBCS discrepancy: A patient has a mixed field reaction with anti-B, no reaction with anti-A, but is 4+ for reverse A1. How do you fix this discrepancy? Check transfusion history.
Cold antibody discrepancy: The patient has a strong anti-A and anti-B reaction, but a weak reverse B reaction. How do you fix this discrepancy? Perform antibody screen with autocontrol.
Weak or missing antibodies: All tests are negative. How do you fix this discrepancy? Incubate at room temp for 15 mins or at 5C for 5 mins.
Group A2 with anti-A1: Patient strongly pos for anti-A AND reverse B, plus has a 2+ reaction for reverse A1. How do you fix this discrepancy? Test with anti-A1; test 3 A1 and A2 cells
If your RBCs lack the H antigen (hh), you are what phenotype? Bombay
If you only have the h gene (hh), which is an amorph, then your RBCs have little to no __. L-fucosyltransferase
When typed, patients with the Bombay phenotype will test as group __. O
Patients with the Bombay phenotype will have one important difference from someone who is type O: what is it? they have anti-H that will react with type O
What are the 2 closely linked genes that control the expression of all Rh antigens? RHD and RHCE
The RHD gene controls the expression of the __ antigen. D
The RHCE gene controls the expression of which antigens? C,c,E,e
In the Fisher-Race system, Rh antigens are controlled by __ loci. 3
In the Wiener system, Rh antigens are controlled by alleles at __ gene locus. 1
Current theory says that the expression of Rh antigens are controlled by __ codominant alleles. 2
Someone who is D+ in the Fisher-Race system is also __. Rh+
Someone who has ce genes in the Fisher-Race system can also be said to be ? cis-ce or type f
Someone who has Ce genes in the Fisher-Race system can also be said to be ? cis-Ce
Someone who has the ce3 Fish-Race type can also be said to be ? type V
The phenotype is determined by the result of the reaction between the RBCs and the __. antisera
To predict the patient's genotype, you need to know what 2 things? 1. phenotype 2. race
How can you determine the true genotype? molecular testing of family study
Which antigen in the Rh system is the most immunogenic? D
Who might you test for weak D? Donors - not receivers
RBCs that test D positive by IAT (indirect antiglobulin test) are said to have __ __ __. weak D antigens
The D control should always be (pos or neg?) negative
IAT is also known as a __ test. Coombs
Can patients that are weak D pos accept D pos blood? yes
The D antigen may appear weak when the C antigen is inherited ? trans to D
The D antigen may seem weak if what genes are paired? Ce(r') and either Cde(R1) or cDe(R0)
Can patients with partial D antigens receive D+ (whole D) blood? No
Partial D antigens still react strongly with __ reagents. monoclonal
True or false: AABB requires all recipient cells be tested for weak D antigens if they are initially nonreactive. False - it's required for donors, not recipients
What antigens can cause "f" to be inherited? c and e
Most genes that code for the C or D antigen will code for the __ antigen. G
Anti-G antibodies will mimic what antibodies? anti-D and anti-C
What type of blood should you give to someone who is pos for G-antibodies? D-neg and C-neg blood
Most Rh antibodies are of what immunoglobulin type? IgG1
Do Rh antibodies activate complement? no
Why don't Rh antibodies activate complement? they are IgG, which is a poor activator of complement
What other antibody often develops alongside of anti-E antibodies? anti-c antibodies
Someone who has anti-E antibodies should be given what kind of blood? E-neg and c-neg
Does the AABB require all donor cells be tested for weak D antigens if they initially appear to be negative? yes
If the mother is D- and her fetus is D+, what do you give her to stop her from forming D antibodies? Rh immune globulin
Created by: IsaacJ
Popular Biology sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards