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Misc. Nursing Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stratum corneum | outer most layer of epidermis composed of numerous thicknesses of dead cells |
| epidermis | outer portion of skin |
| stratum germinativum | innermost layer of epidermis continually produces new cells, pushing older towards stratum corneum |
| keratinocytes | protein containing cells in epidermal layer give skin strength & elasticity |
| melanocytes | epidermal layer - produce melanin - pigment giving skin color, providing protection against UV |
| langerhans cells | epidermal layer - mobile cells that phagocyte foreign material and trigger an immune response |
| dermis | lies below epidermis/above subcutaneous tissue; irregular fibrous connective tissue strengt/ elasticity & supplied w/blood vessels. contains sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, cerumious glands, hair/nail follicles, sensory receptors, elastin, collagen |
| subcutaneous layer | composed of connective & adipose tissue; isolates, protects, reserve of calories 4 severe malnutrition |
| vernix caseosa | babies born w/this creamy substance that protects their skin |
| xerosis | itchy,red,dry,scaly, cracked, fissured skin |
| loss of lean body mass | Lean Body Mass equals Body Weight minus Body Fat - losing muscle |
| edema | excess fluid in tissues; decreases skin elasticity & interferes w/diffusion of oxygen to cells; causes skin to be prone to breakdown |
| skin turgor | Skin with normal turgor snaps rapidly back to its normal position. Skin with decreased turgor remains elevated and returns slowly to its normal position - skin hydration |
| tactile sense | sense |
| maceration | softening of skin caused by excessive amounts of fluid remaining in contact with the skin or the surface of a wound for extended periods |
| excoriation | raw irritated lesion (as of the skin or a mucosal surface) |
| MASD - Moisture-associated skin damage | Moisture-associated skin damage |
| erythema | is redness of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by hyperemia of superficial capillaries |
| Reactive hyperemia | is the increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body |
| etiology | the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition |
| Transparent film dressing | use on stage 1 pressure sores |
| serous | thin or watery fluid |
| purulent | suppurative, forming or containing pus, |
| wound eschar | is dead tissue that sheds or falls off from healthy skin. It is caused by burns and also occurs in pressure wounds |
| pyrexia | fever - temperature above person's normal range; higher than 100 F, core 101 F |
| pyrogens | fever producing substances secreted by phagocytes ingesting invaders; induces fever |
| prostaglandins | substances that reset (set point) the hypothalamic thermostat at higher temperature; induced secretions prompted by pyrogens |
| set point | body's heat-regulating mechanisms act to bring core temp up to this new setting in response to immune activity to rid body of invaders: when stressor is removed; set point resets to normal |
| diaphoresis | is the state of perspiring profusely, or something that has the power to cause increased perspiration |
| vasodilation | refers to the widening of blood vessels.[1] It results from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, in particular in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles |
| vasoconstriction | the narrowing of blood vessels |
| anypyretic | fever reducing |
| WDL | within defined limits |
| Effleurage | type of massage using light pressure applied over a wide area of ... Light effleurage promotes relaxation, alleviates pain and encourages sleep. |
| Petrissage | are massage movements with applied pressure which are deep and compress the underlying muscles. Kneading |
| uvulopalatopharyngoplasty | Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is a procedure used to remove excess tissue in the throat to widen the airway. This sometimes can allow air to move through the throat more easily when you breathe, reducing snoring. The tissues removed may include: |
| Antibody | protein molecules that help infection-fighting cells to recognize and bind with antigens. are very specific. This means that antibodies against one antigen, such as varicella virus, will not protect the body against a different antigen |
| varicella | an acute, highly contagious viral infection, usually of childhood, that causes fever, skin lesions, and malaise; caused by varicella zoster virus; also called chickenpox |
| measles | also known as "rubeola"; an acute viral infection that causes fever, nasal discharge (coryza), redness of the eyes (conjunctivitis), and a rash; complications can include pneumonia, encephalitis, and death |
| Production of antibodies | a person does not have to become sick for antibodies to be produced by the body |
| active immunity | is usually long-lasting immunity produced by the immune system in response to antigens. These antigens can be from natural infection or from vaccination. The immune system makes antibodies to help destroy antigens |
| passive immunity | is protection induced by antibodies produced in an animal or human, and transferred to another person; from mother to baby; from person or animal |
| vaccination | produces active immunity without causing disease |
| immunologic memory | The persistence of protection for many years after natural infection or vaccination is called |
| Mother/Baby most common type of passive immunity | takes place when antibodies are transferred from a pregnant woman across the placenta to the baby before birth. These antibodies are called "maternal antibodies." can protect the baby, for up to one year, against illnesses to which the mother is immune. |
| Person or animal immunity transfer | Antibodies from another person or animal can be injected or transfused to provide passive immunity. For example, immune globulin (IG); antibodies pooled together from the blood of many donors; usually disappears within several weeks or months. |
| Live attenuated vaccines | are made by modifying disease-causing microorganisms, such as viruses and bacteria, in a laboratory; Once modified, the microorganism is still alive, but it is weakened (attenuated) |
| Inactivated vaccines | are made by killing disease-causing microorganisms, Whole dead microorganisms or pieces of dead microorganisms are put into the vaccine.they cannot replicate. Dead microorganisms are weak antigens, multiple doses of antigen often are needed |
| Viral vaccines | Live attenuated viral vaccines are made from weakened viruses.include measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, vaccinia (smallpox), rotavirus, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), varicella, and zoster (shingles). |
| Bacterial vaccines | Live attenuated bacterial vaccines are made from weakened bacteria. Currently available live attenuated bacterial vaccines include oral typhoid and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (BCG is not available in the United States). |
| Fractional vaccines | Fractional vaccines are inactivated vaccines made from pieces of bacteria or viruses. |
| Toxoid vaccine | Toxoids are inactivated vaccines made from modified toxins.Toxins are the poisons produced by some bacteria. Once a toxin is modified into a toxoid, it cannot cause disease. Currently available toxoids include diphtheria and tetanus. |
| Subunit | Subunit vaccines are made from pieces of viruses or bacteria. pieces stimulate the immune system but do not cause disease. include hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, inactivated influenza, acellular pertussis, anthrax, and Lyme disease*. |
| Polysaccharide | a type of subunit vaccine. made from pieces of the polysaccharide capsule surrounds certain bacteria.less effective than live attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines that are based on protein. include pneumococcal ,meningococcal, and typhoid Vi. |
| Conjugate | type of subunit vaccine made by joining (conjugating) a piece of the polysaccharide capsule surrounds bacteria to a protein carrier. makes the vaccine more effective. include Haemophilus influenzae type b, meningococcal, and pneumococcal for children. |
| combination vaccine: | a vaccine that contains more than one type of vaccine in a single injection - dTaP |
| serologic testing: | testing done on blood serum, which is the plasma (clear part) of the blood that does not contain fibrinogen or blood cells; this test is done to look for antibodies |
| hypotonic reaction | "hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode" (HHE); occurs rarely after DTaP vaccination; infants' symptoms include paleness and decreased muscle tone, responsiveness, and activity |
| Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) | is a contraindication to receiving rotavirus vaccine. The reason for this is that infants with SCID are at increased risk for development of vaccine-acquired rotavirus infection, which can be very harmful in infants with SCID |
| Diphtheria | Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria. C. diphtheriae usually infect the nasopharynx, can infect skin. nasopharyngeal cases diphtheria, bacteria live in the nose, throat, and mouth of an infected person and spread to other persons in respiratory secretions |
| Tetanus | Clostridium tetani is ananaerobic, spore-forming bacterium. Because it cannot live in oxygen, it forms a spore that can last for years in soil, dust, and animal feces. The spore enters the body when a person is injured and there is a break in the skin. |
| Pertussis | Bordetella pertussis, which is a bacterium transmitted through respiratory secretions when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Symptoms may be similar to those of a common cold but can progress to a severe cough, which has a whooping sound. |
| toxoid | is a toxin that has been changed in the laboratory so that it cannot cause illnes |
| Pneumothorax | is an abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall and which may interfere with normal breathing |
| oxygenation | how well the cells, tissues, organs of body supplied w/oxygen |
| 2 components of pulmonary system | airway: lungs |
| Airway | nasal passages, mouth, pharnyx, larnyx, trachea, bronchi & bronchioles |
| airway structures function | moisten air; air flow; warm the air, filter air, |
| upper airway | above larynx; nnasal passages, mouth, pharnyx |
| epiglottis | small flap of tissue superior to larynx |
| lower airway | below larynx,; tarchea, bronchi, brochioles - is considered sterile |
| mediastinum | separates lungs; contains heart & great vessels |
| apex | upper portion of the lungs; extends above clavical |
| base | lower portion of lung; rests on diaphram |
| alveoli | tiny air sacs w/thin walls surrounded by fine network of capillaries; gas passes easily between alveoli & capilaries; |
| type I alveolar cells | gas exchange cells |
| type II alveolar cells | produce surfactant, a lipoprotein that lowers surface tention within alveoli to allow inflation |
| ventilation | movement of air into and out of lungs |
| respiration | exchange of gasses oxygen & carbon dioxide in lungs; occurs at alveolar-capillary membrane |
| how does ventilation occur | cycles of inhalation & exhalation |
| inhalation | expansion of chest cavity & lungs creating negative pressure inside lungs causing air to be drawn in thru nose or outh & airways; |
| diaphram | major muscle of breathing; when contracts w/ea. inhalaiton, chest cavity is pulled down; pulling lung bases down w/it |
| intercostal muscles | small muscles around ribs |
| exhalation | daiphragm & intercostal muscles relax allowing chest & lungs to return to normal resting size; causing pressure inside chest & lungs to rise above atmospheric pressure - air flows out |
| factors of adequat ventilation | rate & depth of respirations, lung compliance & elasticity, and airway resistance |
| respiratory rate & dept | how fast you breath & how much lungs expand to take in air; effect oxygen & carbon dioxide levels in blood |
| hyperventiation | breating fast & deeply moving large amounts of air thru lungs causing too much carbon dioxide to be removed by alveoli |
| hypoxemia | low level of oxygen in blood |
| hypoventilation | decreased rate or shallow breating moves small amount of air in/out; predisposes to development of hypoxemia (less O2 thru alveoli); could lead to hypoxia |
| hypoxia | oxygen deficiency in body tissues |
| lung compliance | ease of lunc inflamation; dependedn on lung elasticity, low water content, low alveolar surface tension; reduced by conditions like scar tussie, increased water (edema), loss of surfactant |
| surfactant | lipoprotein that lowers surface tension w/in alveoli to allow them to inflate during breathing. |
| lung elasticity | elastic recoil; tendency of elastin fibers to return to original positoin away from chest wall after being stretched; overstretched alveoli lose elastic recoil over time; can leave stale air in alveoli due to inhibition of deflation |
| airway resistance | resistance to airflow w/in airways; small decreases in airway diameter might occur w/secretions in airway or mild bronchospasm - increases airway resistance |
| pneumothorax | air in the pleural space creating positive pressure, causing lung tissue collapse |
Created by:
mataylor2015
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